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PHYSIOL > MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q
  • Myosin only
  • Light in color
  • Thick filament
A

H zone

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2
Q
  • Actin only
  • Dark in color
  • Thin filaments only on myofibril
A

I band

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3
Q
  • Holds the thick filaments together
  • Myosin linked with accessory proteins
A

M line

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4
Q

Anchors thin filaments and ties all myofibrils together (regular banding)

A

Z line (disc)

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5
Q
  • Actin and myosin overlap
  • Has both thick and thin filaments (dark bands) on myofibril
A

A band

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6
Q
  • The invagination of sacrolemma that forms a permeability barrier between cytosol and extracellular space
  • Extension of sarcolemma within the sarcoplasm
A

T tubules

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7
Q

Smallest functional contractile unit of muscle

A

Sarcomeres

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8
Q
  • Striated muscle organelles comprised of sarcomeres that are aligned in series
  • Creates contraction
A

Myofibrils

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9
Q

A protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.

A

Myosin molecule

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10
Q

What makes a filament thick?

A

Myosin

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11
Q

Thin myofilaments

A

Actin, Troponin, and Tropomyosin

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12
Q

Troponin that binds calcium

A

Troponin - C

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13
Q

Inhibits the ATPase activity of the actomyosin cross-bridge and effectively blocks the myosin-binding site on actin subunits

A

Troponin I

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14
Q

Rod shape molecule, two strands of tropomyosin molecules run diametrically opposed along actin filaments

A

Tropomyosin

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15
Q

Interacts with tropomyosin and anchors troponin to actin

A

Troponin - T

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16
Q

Stabilize the sarcolemma and, hence, prevent contraction-induced injury (rupture)

A

DGC - Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex

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17
Q

Connects actin to the glycoproteins of the extracellular domain of the sarcolemma

A

Dystrophin

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18
Q

Stabilizes myosin

A

Titin

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19
Q
  • Helps in the alignment of actin
  • Encloses actin
A

Nebulin

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20
Q

Anchors Z disk to sarcolemma

A

Desmin

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21
Q
  • Myofilament with binding sites for myosin head (contains G-Actin)
  • Anchored by Z-Discs
  • Regulatory proteins of troponin & tropomyosin
  • Troponin holds thin filament in place, and tropomyosin blocks active binding sites on actin
A

Actin (thin filaments)

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22
Q

Activation of the force-generating sites within muscle fibers—the cross-bridges

A

Muscle contraction

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23
Q

Motor neuron and
the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

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24
Q

Comprise various tightly controlled, complex circuits throughout the body that allow for both voluntary and involuntary movements through the innervation of effector muscles and glands

A

Motor neurons

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25
Q
  • Where nerves and muscle fibers meet—is an essential synapse for muscle contraction and movement
  • Point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
A

Neuromuscular Junction

26
Q

Conversion of electrical signal to chemical signal cycle

A

Somatic Nervous System

27
Q

Temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-sensitive channels

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

28
Q
  • Where nicotinic receptors are found
  • The end of a motor neuron that stores acetylcholine
A

Motor End-Plate

29
Q

RMP: -90 mV
Duration: 2.5 ms

A

Muscle action potential

30
Q

RMP: -70 mV
Duration: 1-2 ms

A

Nerve action potential

31
Q
  • Occurs when myosin head does not dissociate from actin
  • Stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after death
A

Rigor mortis

32
Q

Where does the cycle stop when ATP is exhausted?

A

State C

33
Q

The consequence of severely lowered calcium levels

A

Hypocalcemic tetany

34
Q

Space between a nerve (axon) terminal and motor end-plate (gap between cells) – ACh diffuses across

A

Synaptic Cleft

35
Q

Neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end plate to trigger depolarization

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

36
Q

A source of ATP that uses stored ATP in seconds and can generate it for about 15 seconds

A

Creatinine Phosphate

37
Q
  • A source of ATP that is used for lower demand of ATP delivery with O2 used
  • 2 ATP from glycolysis + pyruvate sent to mitochondria makes = 36 ATP
  • Hours of sustained activity
A

Cellular respiration

38
Q

A sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses when cholinesterase doesn’t break down ACh caused by bacteria found in dirt and manure

A

Tetanus

39
Q
  • Temporary lack of O2 in the muscle due to exertion
  • Lack of O2 caused by Lactic Acid to build up in muscle tissue leads to muscle soreness
A

Oxygen debt

40
Q

Sustained involuntary contraction of a muscle

A

Muscle cramp

41
Q

Inability of muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension; may be related to insufficient O2, depletion of glycogen, and/or lactic acid buildup

A

Muscle fatigue

42
Q

A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.

A

All-or-none response

43
Q

The minimal strength required to cause a contraction

A

Threshold stimulus

44
Q

Tiny pouches or sacs in the axons that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

A

Synaptic vesicles

45
Q

Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

47
Q

Enzyme that degrades Ach immediately after depolarization (neuron stops sending a signal for contraction) for precise contraction control

A

Cholinesterase (ACh-ase)

48
Q

Mainly areolar connective tissue around each fiber

A

Endomysium

49
Q
  • Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding fascicles
  • Grain of muscle and allows precise movement
A

Perimysium

50
Q

A band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

A

Fascia

51
Q

Bundle of muscle fibers

A

Fasicle

52
Q

Outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue that separates muscle from organs and allows independent movement

A

Epimysium

53
Q
  • Specialized muscle tissue found only in the heart
  • Striated and involuntary
  • Intercalated discs
A

Cardiac muscle tissue

54
Q
  • Involuntary muscle tissue
  • Not striated
  • Found in intestines
A

Smooth muscle tissue

55
Q

Striated and voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

56
Q
  • Theory that actin filaments are pulled closer by myosin, causing Z-Discs to also move closer
  • I-Bands shrink and A-Bands stay the same
  • At full contraction action and myosin overlap completely
A

Sliding Filament Theory

57
Q

Myosin filament with heads that bind to actin by reaching up and ratcheting forward (about 300/filament)

A

Myosin (thick filaments)

58
Q

Loss of muscle mass due to lack of use or aging

A

Atrophy

59
Q

Increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells (increase in myofibrils & connective tissue)

A

Hypertrophy

60
Q

Anchoring point that does not move with contraction

A

Origin

61
Q

Muscle attachment site that moves toward the origin

A

Insertion

PHYSIOL (6 decks)

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