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KN 251 Unit 3 > Synapses, NTs, Circuity > Flashcards

Synapses, NTs, Circuity Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of the nervous system

A

Communication

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2
Q

Brain—>Target Organ—->Response——>Feedback—–>Brain Etc.

A

!

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3
Q

In order to preserve communication, a message must propagate along each cell (A.P.) and between each cell (synapse)

A

!

Nerve Cell—->Nerve cell—-> Nerve cell——> Target Organ

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4
Q

Na+ Channels do what to the cell membrane?

K+ channels do what to the cell membrane?

A

Depolarization

Repolarization and hyperpolarization

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5
Q

Propation in unmyelinated cell

Na and K channels open and close sequentially along the membrane, voltage gated channels located across entire membrane

A

Continuous Conduction

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6
Q

Propagation of action potential involves ____ coated nerves,

A lipid coating on nerve axons that serves as an insulator

A

Myelin

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7
Q

Propagation of A.P. along nerve cells is what type of conduction

(to jump in Spanish)

A

Saltatory Conduction

Saltar

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8
Q

Areas of no myelin that contain voltage gated channels only in nodes

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

Action potential is generated at nodes, ion current travels rapidly between nodes. Regenerate action potential at next node

A

!

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10
Q

In the myelinated or unmyelinated nerve, the action potential travels from the beginning to the end of the nerve. When it reaches the end, it must enter the

A

synapse

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11
Q

Why are myelinated nerves advantageous?

A

Speed of conduction

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12
Q

Junction between nerve and effector cell. Permits and preserves communication between cells.

In skeletal muscle, what is the synapse?

A

Synapse

Neuromuscular Junction

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13
Q

In the nervous system, a synapse exists between 2 nerves.

The neuron that submits action potential to the synapse is called the

A

Pre-synaptic neuron

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14
Q

The neuron that receives the action potential from the synapse

A

Post-synaptic neuron

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15
Q

Anatomical arrangement that is the most common, the axon of the pre-synaptic neuron synapses with the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron.

A

Axo-Dendritic (axo-somatic) synapse

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16
Q

Anatomical arrangement where the axon intersects with another axon and may go in two directions

A

Axo-axonal synapse

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17
Q

Anatomical arrangement with 2 dendrites

Anatomical arrangement with a dendrite and a body

A

Dendro-Dendritic Synapse

Dendro-somatic synapse

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18
Q

Communication between neurons can be modified and protected by the surrounding

What’s the most common type of these cells?

A

Glial Cells

The astrocyte

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19
Q

These type of glial cells absorb extra K+ ions from neurons, recapture and recycle NTs, and are connected to each other by gap junctions

A

Astrocytes

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20
Q

With what chemical do astrocytes communicate with one another via their gap junctions?

A

Ca2+

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21
Q

Functional arrangement of gab junctions that are found in the brain. There is ion flow from one cell to another

A

Electrical Synapses

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22
Q

The gap junction proteins in gap junctions of pre synaptic and post synaptic membrane

A

Connexons

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23
Q

Synapse with a synaptic cleft where there is no physical contact between cells and no ion flow between cells

A

Chemical Synapses

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24
Q

These type of synapses use a NT that is synthesized and stored by the presynaptic nerve in synaptic vesicles

A

Chemical Synapses

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25
Q

Where did chemical synapse occur where we’ve studied?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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26
Q

How are chemical synapses in the brain different from those in skeletal muscle?

A

They go from nerve to nerve, not nerve to muscle

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27
Q

As before, the plasma membrane of the terminal bouton of the pre-synaptic cell contains what type of voltage gated channels?

A

Ca2+ voltage gated channels

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28
Q

Is intracellular of extracellular Ca2+ higher before AP arrives?

A

Extracellular is higher

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29
Q

When A.P. arrives to the chemical synapse, what happens

A

Channels open and Ca2+ diffuses into terminal bouton

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30
Q

What does Ca2+ flow into terminal bouton cause?

A

Synaptic Vesicle migration and fusion with plasma membrane

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31
Q

How does the NT from the terminal bouton in chemical synapses enter the synaptic cleft?

A

Diffusion

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32
Q

What happens to the NT wants it reaches post synaptic membrane?

A

Binds with receptors

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33
Q

What does binding of NTs to receptors on post synaptic neuron membrane initiate?

Which is often followed by…

A

Graded potential

Action potential

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34
Q

The only place in the body where you see action potential always following graded potential in post synaptic cell is the..

A

Neuromuscular junction

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35
Q

The three methods of degradation and removal of NT to prevent inappropriate graded/action potential initiation

A

Pre-synaptic neuron reuptake (good for recycling)
Glial cell uptake
Enzymatic degradation and diffusion of components

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36
Q

NT type that occurs in NM junction, widespread throughout cerebral cortex, brainstem and hippocampus, therefore possibly memory

(Chemical classification)

A

Acetylcholine

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37
Q

NTs made from amino acids (protein based) are called

A

Biogenic amines

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38
Q

A type of catecholamine involved in coordination of body movements, feel good NT (love), deficient in Parkinson’s, excess in schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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39
Q

Important catecholamine NT for sleep/wake cycle, attention, feeding, and feeling good

A

Norepinephrine

40
Q

Catecholamine that is similar to norepinephrine, considered the same

A

Epinephrine

41
Q

A type of Indolamine that is important in the sleep/wake cycle, appetite, mood regulation (deficient in depression)

A

Serotonin

42
Q

An indolamine that is important in wakefulness, appetite, learning and memory

drowsiness from anti ___ drugs (benadryl)

A

Histamine

43
Q

In general, what to biogenic amines regulate?

A

Biological clock

Mood/behavior

44
Q

This recreational drug can bind to biogenic amine receptors and cause hallucinations

A

LSD

45
Q

amino acids in nervous system have specific or general roles?

A

General

46
Q

2 Amino acids in CNS that are inhibitory

A

GABA

Glycine

47
Q

Amino acid in CNS that is excitatory

A

Glutamate

48
Q

One of two peptides in the CNS that is an important mediator of pain transmission in the PNS

A

Substance P

49
Q

One of two peptides in the CNS that are natural opiates, blocks pain and inhibits substance P

A

Endorphins

50
Q

An excitatory or inhibitory bolecules; present in the CNS and PNS; important for pain modulation

A

ATP (purine)

51
Q

The nitrogen base within ATP that is inhibitory on the brain and induces sleep. Caffeine blocks its receptors.

We’re tired because there is free adenosine that was used by ATP

A

Adenosine

52
Q

A gas molecule involved in learning and memory and strengthening synapse formation

A

Nitric Oxide

53
Q

NT that causes action potential on a post-synaptic neuron

A

Excitatory

54
Q

NTs that cause suppression of action potential on post-synaptic neuron

A

Inhibitory

55
Q

Excitation or inhibition is normally determined by what?

A

The receptor at the post-synaptic membrane

56
Q

Excitation or inhibition can be accomplished by two means

A

Direct and Indirect

57
Q

These type of receptor opens ion channels directly after binding to the NT. Ex: Acetocholine

A

Direct Receptor

58
Q

Channel linked receptors (direct) are seen when rapid response is needed

A

NM Junction

59
Q

This type of receptor uses second messengers to open ion channels and also initiate other intracellular effects

ex:: g-protein linked receptor

A

Indirect Receptor

60
Q

Post synaptic potential that is often located on dendrites, and often involves sodium ion channels

A

EPSP - excitatory post-synaptic potentials

61
Q

Type of post synaptic potential that is often in the cell body, open CL- channels (Cl-enters cell and hyperpolarizes)

Action potential cannot occur

A

Inhibitoory post-synaptic Cell

62
Q

Most of the synapses in the brain are electrical or chemical?

A

Chemical

63
Q

Since chemical synapses are more complicated, slower, and take more energy, why are they more abundant in the brain?

A

Chemical synapses allow discrete control

Electrical impulses are fast but uniform

64
Q

Type of summation when multiple impulses are sent rapidly to the post-synaptic neuron

ensures suppression or excited (inhibitory or excitatory)

A

Temporal

65
Q

Type of summation where several pre-synaptic neurons send impulses to the post-synaptic neuron simultaneously

Important in chemical synapse
Can have different types of synapses depending upon receptor, good for control

A

Spatial

66
Q

An amplifying type of circuit of neurons

different events occur because of one single event

A

Divergent

67
Q

A concentrating type of circuit of neurons

See, hear, smell, touch = love (one output)

A

Convergent

68
Q

A reverberating type of neural circuit

Goes round and round fro usually a number of hours

Ex) Sleep and wake, found in brain stem

A

Oscillating

69
Q

Type of processing that is typically a reflex arc

A

Serial-sensation

70
Q

Higher level mental functions are often performed by what type of processing?

A

Parallel Processing

71
Q

Rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that are serial-sensation processing

A

Reflex arc

72
Q

Components of a reflex arc (6)

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center
Motor Neuron
Effector
73
Q

The component of a reflex arc that translates a stimulus into A.P.

A

Receptor

74
Q

The component of a reflex arc that carries the A.P. to the CNS

A

Sensory Neuron

75
Q

The component of the reflex arc that is the CNS

A

Integration Center

76
Q

The component of the reflex arc that carries A.P. to the effector (muscle)

A

Motor Neuron

77
Q

The component of the reflex arc that executes the appropriate response

A

Effector

78
Q

What’s an example of a stimulus that we don’t have a receptor for so we don’t see when it’s effecting us?

A

UV light

79
Q

Name the two type of reflexes

A

Visceral

Somatic

80
Q

Type of reflex that involves glands

A

Visceral

81
Q

Type of reflex that involves skeletal muscles

This includes spinal reflexes - stretch deep tendon, crossed extensor, superficial

A

Somatic

82
Q

A somatic reflex that involves muscle spindles embedded in skeletal muscle, made of intrafusal fibers

each skeletal muscle contains many spindles, not just one

A

Stretch Reflex

83
Q

More muscle spindles means more….

Flexor pollicis muscle has more or them that latissimus dorsi

A

control

84
Q

Which fibers are in the non-contratile center?

Which fibers synapse at contractile ends?

A

Sensory Fibers

Gamma Motor Fibers

85
Q

When large skeletal muscle is stretched, the spindle is also stretched. Stretch irritates the ____ fibers which fires AP to the spinal cord

A

Sensory Fibers

86
Q

At the spinal cord, there is a synapse with a ______ neuron supplying skeletal muscle and antagonist muscle

A

Alpha motor Neuron

87
Q

What action does the stimulated/stretched muscle have?

What action does that antagonist muscle have?

A

Contraction

Relaxation

88
Q

Spindle tension is maintained by APs from….

A

Gamma motor neurons

89
Q

Spindle tension must be maintained at all times so that when the skeletal muscle is stretched, the spindle fiber is stretched enough to irritate the sensory nerves. If the spindle becomes loose, than no mechanical irritation of the sensory nerves will occur

A

!

90
Q

The deep tendon reflex area with collagen fibers in a tendon with sensory nerve endings attached. They synapse in the spinal cord.

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

91
Q

In response to stretch of a tendon, the GTO is stimulated and AP fires off along sensory nerve. Synapse with alpha motor neurons of both stretched and antagonistic muscle.

What happens to stretched muscle?
What happens to antagonist muscle?

A

Stretched muscle relaxes

Antagonist muscle contracts

92
Q

What does the deep tendon reflex with the GTO prevent?

What type of control?

A

Muscle tearing

Postural Control

93
Q

Reflex of withdrawal due to a painful stimulusm occurs BEFORE concious perception of a stimulus

A

Flexor reflex

94
Q

Reflex of ipsilateral withdrawal and contralateral extension

ex) walking along beach, step on sharp seashell, withdraw foot and extend other foot to keep upright (postural)

A

Crossed extensor

95
Q

Two type of superficial reflexes

A

Plantar

Abdominal

96
Q

The superficial reflex that tests integrity of L4-S2 nerve roots

If normal it will cause (only if babies walk)
If abnormal, it will cause….

A

Plantar Reflex

Downward flexion of toes (plantar flexion) (opposite if baby doesn’t walk)

Babinski sign

97
Q

Superficial reflex that tests the integrity of T8-T12.

Normal =

A

Abdominal Superficial Reflex

umbilical moves to stimulated side due to abdominal muscle contraction

KN 251 Unit 3 (11 decks)

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