Synapomorphies Flashcards
Chordata synapomorphies
post-anal tail, endostyle, dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal slits (BUT technically evolved before chordata and hemichordata differentiated)
deuterostome synapomorphies
deuterostome development
vertebrate synapomorphies
vertebral column, cranium, muscular pharyngeal pump
pros/cons of muscular pharyngeal pump
greater efficiency, greater volumes of ater for larger organisms
**cilia are only on the surface!!!
muscular pharyngeal pump
expansion of the chamber of the pharynx, skeletal muscles pulling on skeletal structures supporting the pharynx as well as opening and closing of valves
gnathostome synapomorphies
bone, jaws derived from the splanchnocranium, paired pectoral and pelvic fins
effect of evolution of jaws and paired fins on lifestyle
access to a wider variety of food sources
larger prey, harder to catch
herbivory
more nutrient rich prey
fins = stability and control of movement (steering)
myxinoidea synapomorphies
secondary loss of vertebrae
chondrichthyes synapomorphies
secondary loss of skeletal bone, claspers
teleostomi synapomorphies
gas bladder (swim bladder in actinopterygii, lungs in sarcopterygii and tetrapoda)
sarcopterygii and tetrapods synapomorphies
fleshy fins
tetrapoda synapomorphies
legs, digits
amniotes synapomorphies
amnion, chorion, allantois
testudinata synapomorphies
carapace and plastron
** components of bony shell - dorsal carapace, ventral plastron
lepidosauria synapomorphies
hemipenes (intromittent organs)
