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Bio 204 Lec! > Phylogeny > Flashcards

Phylogeny Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxon

A

named group of organisms

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2
Q

comparative morphology

A

looking @ similar structures to determine relationships between taxa

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3
Q

homologous structures

A

originating from the same structure

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4
Q

convergent evolution

A

similar selective pressures causing different species to evolve similar but non homologous traits

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5
Q

determining which species have a more recent common ancestor looking at a phylogenetic tree

A

look at TIME NOT # of nodes!!!!! if closer to extant species on tree, less time has passed

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6
Q

divergence

A

different selective pressures cause homologous characters to appear very different

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7
Q

ancestral character state (aka…)

A

plesiomorphic - trait that arose before the most recent common ancestor diverged

**present in ingroup AND outgroup

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7
Q

derived character state (aka…)

A

apomorphic - trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor

**present ONLY in ingroup

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8
Q

synapomorphy

A

a derived character shared by 2 or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor

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9
Q

monophyletic group

A

an ancestor and ALL of it’s descendents

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10
Q

paraphyletic group

A

doesn’t include all descendents

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11
Q

protostomes vs deuterostome differentiation

A

LOOK AT EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

proto - blastopore gives rise to mouth region **‘FIRST MOUTH’

deut - blastopore gives rise to anus region **‘SECOND MOUTH’

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12
Q

chordate characters

A

post-anal tail
pharyngeal slits
notochord
dorsal HOLLOW nerve chord
endostyle (homologous to thyroid gland in vertebrates)

**all present in all chordates at some stage stage in development

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13
Q

dorsal hollow nerve chord

A

hollow, fluid filled tube dorsal to digestive tract

arrises from ectoderm (invagination during neurulatoin), forms the central nervous system

FUNCTION - sends and receives electrical impulses

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14
Q

notochord

A

arrises from mesoderm

rod with a core of cells and fluid surrounded by a fibrous sheath

FUNCTIONS: 1. provides structure support as it can withstand axial compression, 2. signals ectodermal cells to differentiate into neural plate ectoderm during neurulation

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15
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

DEUTEROSTOME synapomorphy
series of openings in the walls of the pharynx

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16
Q

endostyle

A

arrises from ventral region of the pharynx

STRUCTURE - groove filled with glandular tissue, produces mucus and processes iodine

**HOMOLOGOUS to thyroid gland in vertebrates

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17
Q

post-anal tail

A

muscular extension of the body past the anus, with myomeres separated by myosepta and the notochord extending into it

18
Q

thyroid gland function

A

produces T4 hormones to regulate metabolic rate

19
Q

what taxa are included in deuterostomes

A

echinodermata, hemichordata, chordates

20
Q

what taxa are included in chordates

A

cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

21
Q

echinodermata

A

sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, basket stars, feather stars
as larvae have bilateral symmetry but develop pentaradial symmetry

22
Q

hemichordata

A

acorn worms and pterobranchs

body regions: probosis, collar, pharynx, trunk

23
Q

cephalochordata

A

** have all 5 chordate characters throughout life (post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, pharynx w/ slits, endosytle

see diagram in summary

24
Q

urochordata

A

DRAMATIC METAMORPHOSIS - cessile as adults, attached to surfaces

* see diagram in summary*

25
Q

chordate SYNAPOMORPHIES

A

post-anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, endostyle

26
Q

agnatha includes

A

myxionoidea (hagfish) and petromyzontida (lampreys)

27
Q

myxinoideas general

A

single nostril and mouth, secondary loss of vertebrae

28
Q

petromyzontida general

A

larval stage w/ muscular pharyngeal pump

endostyle as larvae, transitions into thyroid glad

some parasitic as adults, some don’t feed as adults at all

29
Q

gnathostomata includes

A

chondrichthyes, teleostomi

30
Q

teleostomi includes

A

actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, tetrapoda

31
Q

tetrapoda includes

A

amniota, amphibia

32
Q

amniota includes

A

sauropsida, mammalia

33
Q

sauropsida includes

A

testudinata, lepidosauria, archosauria

34
Q

archosauria includes

A

aves, crocodillia

35
Q

mammalia includes

A

eutheria, metatheria, monotremata

36
Q

elasmobranchii general

A

sharks, skates, rays

cartilagenous, control buoyancy by producing oils in their liver and continuously swimming

37
Q

holocephali general

A

chimaeras (rat fish)

38
Q

actinopterygii general

A

ray finned fish - teleostei (TELEOSTS), biggest taxon within actinopterygii

39
Q

amphibia general

A

thin scaleless skin coated in mucous for cutaneous respiration plus lungs in adults

40
Q

monotremata general

A

oviparous mammals (egg laying)

41
Q

metatheria general

A

viviparous mammals who give birth to young early in development

42
Q

eutheria

A

viviparous mammals who give birth to young later in development

43
Q

viviparous

A

giving birth to live young

Bio 204 Lec! (10 decks)

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