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Bio 204 Lec! > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stages of development

A

cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation, neuralation

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2
Q

cleavage ID

A

rapid division to form a morula - SOLID BALL OF CELLS

look @ differences btwn animal and vegetal pole, slower division so larger cells in the vegetal pole

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3
Q

blastula formation ID

A

continued cell division, undifferentiated cells with a hollow space in the center - the BLASTOCOEL

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4
Q

gastrulation ID

A

*DIFFERENTIATION of cells into the 3 embryonic germ layers: mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

***before migration, ectoderm forms in the animal pole before migrating to surround the embryo

  • cells from outer surface migrate inwards through BLASTOPORE (endoderm from the veg pole to the interior)

*the space they form is the ARCHENTERON

*displace the blastocoel

*in vertebrates, blastopore forms in the posterior of the embryo

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5
Q

neurulation ID/steps

A
  1. Notochord releases proteins signal to ectoderm dorsal to noto to differentiate into NEURAL PLATE ECTODERM
  2. neural plate ecto bends along midline, NEURAL GROOVE w/ NEURAL FOLD on either side
  3. neural folds fuse to form NEURAL TUBE, neural plate cells diff from neural tube, forming NEURAL CREST CELLS (mesenchymal) which eventually form the peripheral nervous system
  4. Mesoderm differentiates into MESOMERE, HYPOMERE, EPIMERE
  5. Hypomere mesoderm diff into SPLANCHNIC (inside), SOMATIC (exterior) w COELOM in the middle!!!
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6
Q

Memo embryonic germ layer fates - in lab deck!!!!!

A
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7
Q

single fertilized egg

A

zygote

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8
Q

animal v vegetal pole

A

high yolk concentration at the vegetal pole, slowing division

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9
Q

morula

A

solid ball of cells

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10
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells (space in middle is blastocoel)

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11
Q

yolk plug

A

region of slow endodermal cells during gastrulation , next to the blastopore

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12
Q

archenteron

A

gives rise to the digestive tract

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13
Q

coelom

A

forms during neurulation from differentiation of hypomere mesoderm

becomes the body’s main cavities

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14
Q

differentiation of mesoderm during neurulation

A

* see summary for diagram*

EPIMERE - SOMITES in trunk region, big chunk right next to notochord/neural tube
**further diff into DERMATOME, SCLEROTOME, MYOTOME - if u drew a triangle on the somite dermatome is the upper point, sclerotome is the medial point, myotome is the lateral point

HYPOMERE - lateral regions of embryo, next to archenteron and endoderm. Differentiates into splanchnic and somatic hypomere mesoderm

MESOMERE - little bulge between epimere and hypomere

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15
Q

little vs med vs lots of yolk - what taxa?

A

microlecithal - tiny amt yolk (eutharian animals)

mesolecithal - middle amt yolk (amphibians)

macrolecithal - lots of yolk (many birds/fish)

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16
Q

affect of more yolk on division

A

more yolk slows cell division BY ………….****

17
Q

development in birds

A
  1. CLEAVAGE/BLASTODISC FORMATION - cell division forming flattened disk of cells on yolk (animal pole): BLASTODISC
  2. GASTRULATION - EPIBLAST (outer layer) migrates inwards through the PRIMATIVE STREAK, hypoblast guiding movement of epiblast cells
    *** epiblast on bottom become EPIDERMIS (endoderm?????????)
  3. NEURULATION - neural tube formation is the same as in other vertebrates, differentiation of mesoderm IN THE TRUNK REGION SEE DIAGRAM, invagination of endoderm forms the early midgut
    ** DORSAL AORTAS visible on either side of the notochord
    **LATERAL BODY FOLDS form on either side of the embryo (kind of above the hypomere mesoderm

***everything happens anterior to posterior, so ant could be in neurulation post could be in gastrulation

18
Q

blastodisc structure

A

top - EPIBLAST

bottom - HYPOBLAST

hollow space between layers - BLASTOCOEL

19
Q

yolk

A

nutritional matter, rich in lipids, proteins etc

20
Q

4 extra embryonic membranes

A

amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac

21
Q

where do certain membranes develop (phylogeny)

A

ONLY amniotes have amnion, chorion, allantois

22
Q

embryonic membrane origins

A

AMNION and CHORION - SOMATOPLEURE = ectoderm and somatic hypomere mesoderm

ALLANTOIS and YOLK SAC - SPLANCHNOPLEURE = endoderm and splanchnic hypomere mesoderm

23
Q

Allantois function/origin

A

from splanchnopleure

sequesters nitrogenous waste from the embryo

24
Q

Yolk sac function/origin

A

from splanchnopleure

grows ventrally and surrounds embryo

forms VITELLINE VESSELS to supply embryo w/ nutrients from the yolk

25
Q

amnion function/origin

A

from somatopleure

waterproof membrane, surrounds membrane and fills w/ amniotic fluid

26
Q

chorion function/origin

A

from somatopleure

fuses w/ outer section of allantois - chorioallantoic membrane

27
Q

positioning of embryonic membranes in an egg - see diagram in summary!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A
28
Q

chorioallantoic membrane

A

splanchnic hypomere mesoderm - from allantois in membrane forms allantoic vessels to exchange gases with the environment through the shell + calcium from the shell

29
Q

oviparous

A

egg laying

30
Q

anamniotes

A

embryos do not produce an allantois, amnion, or chorion

Bio 204 Lec! (10 decks)

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