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Bio 204 Lec! > Post Cranial Skeleton > Flashcards

Post Cranial Skeleton Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

post-cranial skeleton includes

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton includes

A

paired fins/limbs and girdles

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3
Q

axial skeleton includes

A

notochord, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

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4
Q

axial skeleton developmental origins

A

Notochord from mesoderm

Vertebrae and ribs - sclerotome epimere mesoderm (most medial part of the somites)

sternum - mesenchymal cells of somatic hypomere mesoderm

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5
Q

appendicular skeleton developmental origins

A

somatic hypomere mesoderm

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6
Q

possible components of a vertebrae

A

centrum, neural arch, neural spine, hemal arch, hemal spine, prezygapophyses, postzygapophyses, diapophyses, transverse processes

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7
Q

notochord function

A

in dev, proteins that signal ectoderm to differentiate into neural plate ectoderm

BUT

attachment point for axial muscles to pull, bending the tail back and forth and producing LATERAL UNDULATIONS that propel the body forward

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8
Q

MYXINOIDEA axial

A

secondary loss of vertebrae

NO RIBS

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9
Q

PETROMYZONTIDA axial

A

cartilaginous

NO RIBS

small neural arches on dorsal surface of notochord

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10
Q

ACTINOPTERYGII axial

A

ossified

very pointy!

hollow centrum with notochord passing through, thickens to firm a pad between

TRUNK - centrum, neural arch and pointy neural spine (spinal chord passing through neural arch, extra hole with ligament passing through), 2 ribs attached either side of each centrum (dorsal and ventral)

CAUDAL - centrum, neural arch and spine, hemal arch and spine

NO zygapophyses

NO sternum

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11
Q

SARCOPTERYGII axial

A

ossified

no OR reduced centrum

TRUNK - neural arches and hemal arches on notochord, fused ribs

CAUDAL - neural and hemal arches on notochord

NO zygapophyses

NO sternum

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12
Q

AMPHIBIA axial

A

mostly solid centra, some hollow

in most, intervertebral bodies between

YES zygapophyses

YES sternum

CERVICAL - only 1, atlas! transverse foramen

TRUNK

SACRAL

CAUDAL

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13
Q

MAMMALIA axial

A

solid centrum capped by intervertebral discs
***intervertebral discs have gel centres from the notochord

YES zygapophyses

YES sternum

CERVICAL atlas + axis plus more!! transverse foramen

THORACIC - costal rib articulating w/ vert and sternal rib articulating with the sternum

LUMBAR

SACRAL

CAUDAL

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14
Q

CROCODILIA axial

A

solid centrum capped by intervertebral bodies

YES zygapophyses

YES sternum

CERVICAL atlas + axis, transverse foramen

THORACIC - costal rib articulating w/ vert and sternal rib articulating with the sternum

LUMBAR

SACRAL

CAUDAL

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15
Q

AVES axial

A

solid centrum capped by intervertebral bodies

YES zygapophyses

sternum with large KEEL on ventral side for attachment of flight muscles

CERVICAL atlas + axis, transverse foramen

THORACIC several in synsacrum, costal rib articulating w/ vert and sternal rib articulating with the sternum

LUMBAR, SACRAL - fused into SYNSACRUM, fused to pelvic girdle

CAUDAL several in synsacrum

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16
Q

TESTUDINATA axial

A

solid centrum capped by intervertebral bodies

YES zygapophyses

YES sternum

CERVICAL atlas + axis, transverse foramen

THORACIC - costal rib articulating w/ vert and sternal rib articulating with the sternum

LUMBAR

SACRAL

CAUDAL

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17
Q

LEPIDOSAURIA axial

A

solid centrum capped by intervertebral bodies

YES zygapophyses
YES sternum

CERVICAL atlas + axis, transverse foramen

THORACIC - costal rib articulating w/ vert and sternal rib articulating with the sternum

LUMBAR

SACRAL

CAUDAL

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18
Q

ELASMOBRANCHI axial

A

cartilaginous

NO zygapop
No sternum

all centrum hollow, notochord passing through, thickening to form pad between

TRUNK - centrum, neural arch and spine, ribs ATTACHED????? and greatly reduced

CAUDAL - centrum, neural arch and spine, hemal arch and spine (dorsal aorta passing through hemal)

** spinal chord passing through neural arch

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19
Q

HOLOCEPHALI axial

A

cartilaginous

NO zygapop
NO sternum

no centrum, no ribs, yes neural and hemal arches sitting on large notochord

20
Q

petromyzontida appendicular

A

NONE!!!

21
Q

myxinoidea appendicular

A

NONE!!!

22
Q

elasmobranchii appendicular

A

pectoral girdle embedded in muscle wall

pelvic girdle embedded in muscle wall

proximal regions of fins supported by pterygiophores (thick sturdy skeletal elements), distal regions supported by fin rays (keratin)

23
Q

holocephali appendicular

A

pectoral girdle embedded in muscle wall

pelvic girdle embedded in muscle wall

proximal regions of fins supported by pterygiophores, distal by fin rays (keratin)

24
Q

actinopterygii appendicular

A

pectoral fused to the skull

pectoral girdle embedded muscles of body wall

RAY FINS (bone or cartilage) supporting a thin layer of skin/connective tissue

25
Q

sarcopterygii appendicular

A

pectoral girdle fused to the skull

pelvic girdle embedded in body wall

FLESHY FINS - series of bones w/ MOBILE JOINTS, muscles to move those extending into the fin

fin rays on distal ends supporting thin layer of skin and connective tissue

26
Q

amphibia appendicular

A

pectoral girdle NOT fused to skull, axial skeleton suspended from pectoral girdle by muscle

pelvic girdle fused to sacral vertebrae

27
Q

testudinata appendicular

A

pectoral girdle NOT fused to skull, axial skeleton suspended from pectoral girdle by muscle

pelvic girdle fused to sacral vertebrae

28
Q

lepidosauria appendicular

A

pectoral girdle NOT fused to skull, axial skeleton suspended from pectoral girdle by muscle

pelvic girdle fused to sacral vertebrae

29
Q

crocodilia appendicular

A

pectoral girdle NOT fused to skull, axial skeleton suspended from pectoral girdle by muscle

pelvic girdle fused to sacral vertebrae

30
Q

aves appendicular

A

pectoral girdle NOT fused to skull, axial skeleton suspended from pectoral girdle by muscle

pelvic girdle fused to sacral vertebrae

31
Q

mammalia appendicular

A

pectoral girdle NOT fused to skull, axial skeleton suspended from pectoral girdle by muscle

pelvic girdle fused to sacral vertebrae

32
Q

girdle function

A

attachment site for muscles

stabilizes appendages by bracing against the body

33
Q

function of paired fins in chondrichthyes

A

STABILITY to prevent roll, pitch and yaw

STEERING to control direction while swimming

in male and intersex - CLASPERS of pelvic fins intromittent organs, internal fertilization

** NOT ** PROPULSION*

34
Q

function of paired fins in actinopterygii

A

STABLITY prevent roll pitch and yaw

STEERING

maintaining body position/stopping

PROPULSION YES (precise but slow)

35
Q

function of fleshy fins in sarcopterygii

A

PRECISE SWIMMING/PROPULSION!!!!

can even be used for waling along bottom surfaces

36
Q

support of weight in aquatic vertebrates

A

doesn’t have to do!!! body supported by water

37
Q

support of weight /locomotion - sprawled

A

WEIGHT: often rest ventral body surface on ground so vert column doesn’t need to bridge weight

LOCO: recovery - overarm swing requiring anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral movement HIGH ENERGY EXPENSE

FORCE: medially directed forces therefore ventral element enlarged to withstand compressive forces

38
Q

support of weight/locomotion - erect

A

WEIGHT: pillars of support while stationary and moving

in quadrapedal, bridge to spread weight to 4 legs

vert. column stabilized by epaxial muscles

LOCO: recovery stroke - pendulum like swing, only anterior/posterior movement so less energy expended here and more for propulsive stroke

FORCE: vertically therefore enlarged dorsal elements of pectoral girdle ex. scapula

39
Q

support of weight - MODIFICATIONS for terrestrial vertebrates

A

larger and more ossified girdles to withstand the compressive forces of body eight

fin rays - digits: sturdy, flexible, mobility to adjust to variable terrain, grip, balance

pectoral girdle lost attachment to skull, cervical region of vertebral column differentiated

pelvic girdle fused to sacral region of the vertebral column

40
Q

general regionalization of the vertebral column

A

FISH - only trunk and caudal

AMPHIBIANS - cervical, trunk, sacral, caudal

AMNIOTES - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

41
Q

ATLAS

A

no centrum

articulates w/ occipital bones of skull

nods!

42
Q

AXIS

A

ODONTOID PROCESS - anterior projection that inserts into the neural canal of the atlas, turning head side to side

43
Q

Propulsive v recovery stroke

A

propulsive - foot contacts ground, limb moves from anterior to posterior

recovery, no contact, posterior to anterior

44
Q

3 types of foot posture + pros/cons

A
  1. PLANTIGRADE - tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges/ carpals, metacarpals, phalanges all in contact w/ ground

Shorter stride and heavy foot BUT less shock from impact with ground

  1. DIGITIGRADE - just phalanges in foot
  2. UNGULIGRADE - very few OR no phalanges in contact

light foot and long stride so very fast, but lots of shock with impact

45
Q

who has zygapophyses?

A

only tetrapods

46
Q

who has a sternum?

A

only tetrapods (convergent)

Bio 204 Lec! (10 decks)

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