symptoms and disease profiles Flashcards
orthopnea
the sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by issuing or standing
dyspnoea
shortness of breathe
3 causes of dyspnoea
cardiac causes = cardiac failure, associated with angina
respiratory = asthma, COPD
other causes = anaemia
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
sensation of shortness of breathe that awakens the patients, often after 1 or 2 hrs of sleep and is usually relieved by sitting up
this is an indication of left sided heart failure.
palpitations
unexpected awareness of the heart beating in chest.
what are causes of dizziness and syncope ?
- postural hypotension
- neurocardiogenic
- micturition syncope
- cardiac arythias
what causes oedema?
- develops secondary to increased venous pressure but it can also result from reduced oncotic pressure or it be may idiopathic
- build up of fluid in the body which causes the effected tissue to become swollen
cyanosis
blue/purple skin
what is cyanosis is sign of?
decreased oxygen attached to red blood cells in the blood stream.
malar flush?
a high colour over the cheekbones with a bluish tinge caused by reduced oxygen concentration in the blood.
what is malar flush a sign of?
mitral valve disease which follows rheumatic fever.
butterfly rash?
characteristic skin lesion of systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE)
where would a butterfly rash typically occur?
cheeks of face and across the bridge of the nose.
koilonychia?
spoon shaped nails
presentation of anaemia.
what is koilonychia a sign of?
manifestation of chronic iron deficiency which may result from a variety of causes like malnutrition, gi blood loss, worms ect…
clubbing?
describes changes in the area under and around the finger nails and toe nails that occur with some disorders
the nail beds will soften instead of being firmly attached
what are the 3 cardiovascular causes of clubbing?
- lung cancer
- congenital cyanotic heart disease
- chronic lung infections that occur in people with bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis or lung abscesses.
- interstitial lung disease
what are non cardiovascular causes of clubbing?
- coeliac disease
- cirrhosis of the liver
- overactive thyroid gland
- cancer
infective endocarditis
infective endocarditis?
an infection on the valve of the heart that causes vegetation to that heart valve.
parts of the valve may break of when blood flows causes chromatic and clotting effects.
what are signs of infective endocarditis?
- fever
- heart murmurs
- petechiae (rash non blanching)
- splinter hemorrhages (linear lesions under the nail)
- osler nodes (tender subcutaneous nodules usually found on the distal pads of digits)
- janeway lesions (tender maculae on the palm and soles)
- Roth spots. (retinal haemorrhages with small, clear centres)
describe Roth’s spots?
- most commonly seen in acute bacterial endocarditis with a pale white centre.
- the white centre is fibrin plataet plug
- can be seen in leukaemia, diabetes
- need a microscope for eyes to see this.
- white entered retinal haemorrhages
xanthelasma?
this Is yellow plaques on upper and lower eyelids.
- a marker for atherosclerosis
- increased levels of serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
thoracic outlet syndrome?
- actually happens in the thoracic inlet
- the brachial plexus, subclavian artery and the subclavian vein are closely related to the upper surface of the first rib and the inferior surface of the clavicle as they enter the upper lim.
- compression to any of these blood vessels or nerves
symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome?
- pain and paraethesia
- grip weakening
- discolouration
- throbbing near clavicle
- cold hands
- Raynaud’s phenomenon (decreased blood flow to fingers)
