Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD3001 > stuck > Flashcards

stuck Flashcards

1
Q

suspensory ligament soft the breast?

A
  • made from condensed connective tissue
  • connect deep fascia of the breast to the dermis of the skin
  • support the breast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

medial quadrants of breast lypmph drained by?

A

parasternal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inferior quadrants of breast lymph drained by?

A

inferiorphrenic lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the diastolic and systolic pressure in pulmonary circulation?

A

systolic = 30mmHg
diastolic = 12mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta?

A

systolic = 120mmHg
diastolic = 80mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the primary controller of coronary blood flow?

A

local metabolism, this is what controls the coronary artery radius.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

during exercise where will the distribution of CO change to?

A

1- the heart (done via active hyperaemia)
2- skin (the core body temp increases, causing decreased sympathetic innervation to the skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the first order of kinetics?

A

occurs when a constant proportion of the drug is eliminated per unit time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is albumin?

A
  • this is a plasma protein that helps to create osmotic forces
  • it does this by helping to pull fluid into capillaries
  • it binds to free drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the Bainbridge reflex?

A

this is a sympathetic reflex that is a response to increased blood in the atria, causing increased heart rate and contractility, preventing the damming of the blood in veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is decremental conduction?

A

the more frequently the AV node is stimulated, the slower it will conduct.
This prevents rapid conduction to the ventricle in cases of rapid atrial rhythms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is atrial fibrillation?

A

irregular and fast heart beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what will the cardinal vein drain?

A

the trunk and head region of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what will the umbilical vein drain?

A

it will bring oxygenated blood from the placenta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what will the vitelline vein drain?

A

the yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 parts of the bulbis cordis?

A

conus cordus
trunks arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what will the conus cordis become?

A

the aortic vestibule and the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what will the trunks arteriosus become?

A

it will divide into the pulmonary and aortic trunk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what channel will digoxin inhibit?

A

Na/K ATPase
resting membrane potential can’t be restored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 4 cranial veins?

A

1- cerebral veins
2- dural venous sinuses
3- diploic veins
4- emissary veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where will berry aneurysms occur?

A

circle of willis
anterior cerebral arteries

associated with sub-arachnoid haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where will syphilitic aneurysms occur?

A

thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where will mycotic aneurysms occur?

A

they will effect the walls of arteries that have been effected by infection.
or in the brain secondary to an embolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe takayasu arteritis?

A

pulseless disease
<30 yrs women
histologically it will have giant cells
treat with steroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

angioma

A

benign tumour of blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

myogenic theory?

A

(acute flow auto regulation)
- stretch induces vascular depolarisation of smooth muscle due to increase in arterial pressure
- limiting blood flow through vessel to prevent damage
- stretch activated calcium channels trigger contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the test for inducible ischeamia?

A

(test for chest pain)
- this is a test for new regional abnormalities in contractile function at peak exercise that were not present at rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What will a subendocardial infarct result in?

A

It will result in necrosis exclusively involving the inner most aspect of the myocardium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Type 1 MI

A

Spontaneous MI related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Type 3 MI?

A

Sudden unexpected cardiac death with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischeamia

31
Q

Type 4 MI?

A

MI associated with percutanious coronary stent thrombosis

32
Q

Type 5 MI?

A

MI associated with cardiac surgery

33
Q

What 4 conditions are associated with varicose veins?

A

1- oesophageal varices
2- haemorrhoids
3- varicocele
4- stasis dermatitis

34
Q

What is a dissecting aortic aneurysm associated with?

A

Marfan’s syndrome (connective tissue defect)

35
Q

What is the most common cause of death with dissecting aortic aneurysms?

A

Rupture of the dissection outwards into the pericardial, pleura or peritoneal cavity.

36
Q

Angiosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour
Occurs in:
- skin
- soft tissue
- breast
- liver
- bone
- spleen

37
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour
- associated with HIV/AIDS
- This is an angioproliferative tumour that is derived from endothelial cells.

38
Q

3 step management of STEMI’s

A

1- drugs (anti platelets)
2- PCI
3- beta blockers
Statins (lower cholesterol)
ACE inhibitors

39
Q

Why will there be raised cardiomyocyte markers in MI?

A

Because the membrane is not working properly so these markers will leak out

40
Q

What is a transmural infarction?

A

Refers to a MI that involves the full thickness of the myocardium.

41
Q

when would you hear an apical ejection click?

A

in aortic stenosis
- this will occur at the opening of the aortic and pulmonary valves

42
Q

combination of what 4 defects in tetralogy of fallout?

A
  • VSD
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
  • overriding aorta

SYSTOLIC MURMUR

43
Q

What type of murmur will VSD have?

A

pan systolic murmur

44
Q

What type of hormone is vasopressin?

A

Antidiueretic hormone that will increase reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

45
Q

Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal glands
- it stimulates reabsorption of sodium in the kidney

46
Q

What receptors does endothelin bind to?

A

ETa receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing vasoconstriction.
BUT
It can bind to ETb receptors which would cause the release of NO = vasodilation, promoting Na and water excretion.

47
Q

What receptors does norepinephrine have a high affinity for?

A

A1 and B1

48
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney.
- activates B1 receptors

49
Q

What happens if endothelin binds to ETb receptors?

A

= production of nitric oxide
- promotes Na and H20 excretion

50
Q

How does an increase in ROS during hypertension effect constriction of blood vessels?

A

H202 this will uncouple the eNOS enzyme = no vasodilation.

51
Q

Conn’s syndrome?

A

Endocrine disease
- zona glomerulus
- increased aldosterone

52
Q

Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • zona fasiculata
  • increased cortisol
53
Q

What are the 3 roles of angiotensin 2?

A

1- vasoconstriction
2- release of aldosterone from zona glomerulus
3- ADH from pituitary

54
Q

Duplications in what region on the chromosome will lead to congenital heart defects in those with downs?

A

DS-CHD

55
Q

What 2 genes were over expressed in patients with downs and heart problems?

A

DSCAM
COL6A2

56
Q

What deletion is present with catch 22 and DiGeorges syndrome?

A

22q11.2

57
Q

What cardiac abnormalities are associated with DiGeorgie’s syndrome?

A

1- tetralogy of fallot
2- VSD
3- interuption of aortic arch.

58
Q

Loss of function associated with prolonged QT interval?

A

Mutation in KCNQ1

59
Q

Gain of function associated with long QT interval?

A

SCN5A Na channel.
- sodium channel constantly open making it harder to repolarise, therefore a prolonged QT interval.

60
Q

What is an example of locus heterogeneity?

A

The 2 different causes of long QT interval.

61
Q

What is a compound heterozygote?

A

The presence of 2 different alleles at a particular gene locus.

62
Q

What will mutations on either side of PCSK9 cause?

A

1- on one side, there will be a breakdown in LDL receptor levels which will cause and increase in LDL.

2- on the other side, there will be recycling of the receptors, leading to lower cholesterol levels.

Treat with = Indisiran

63
Q

Thrombectomy?

A

Brain
Sucks clot out

64
Q

Thromobolysis

A

Brain
Heart
kidney
(Dissolves clot)

65
Q

Angioplasty

A

Heart
- balloon stent

66
Q

Type 2 MI

A

MI secondary to ischamia due to increased oxygen demand and decreased supply.

67
Q

what happens if an etherosclerotic plaque ruptures?

A

contents leak out
resulting in platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis.
- platalets will express prothrombinase which will cause more thrombi to form, this can totally occlude the coronary artery.

68
Q

metabolic theory?

A

(acute flow autorgulation)
- increase in arterial pressure, increases 02
- high degree of oxygen delivery will trigger constriction of vasculature
- occlusion of blood supply
- reduced blood flow and protect vessel walls.

69
Q

what will subendocardial infarct result in?

A

results in necrosis exclusively involving the inner most aspect of the myocardium.

70
Q

what will ECG’s of angina have?

A

ST depression

71
Q

how is total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery compensated for by the body?

A

by filling from the collaterals of the right coronary artery.

72
Q

what is subendocardial ischeamia due to?

A

epicardial coronary artery stenosis
this is the main cause of angina.

73
Q

areola and lateral quadrant of the breast lymph drainage?

A

axillary nodes

MD3001 (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions