Sympathetic NS

Question 1

what is the control and integrative centre for the ANS

Answer 1

hypothalamus

Question 2

which two ways can the hypothalamus release an output

Answer 2

influence the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

discharge impulses down the cord or pre-ganglionic neurons in the brainstem

Question 3

which three tissues are stimulated by the autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
glands

Question 4

effects of sympathetic stimulation on:
heart
arteries of the heart and voluntary muscles
arteries of the skin and peripheral areas
liver
peristalsis
pupils
sweat

Answer 4

heart: beats stronger and faster
arteries of the heart and voluntary muscles: dilate
arteries of the skin and peripheral areas: constrict
liver: secretes glycogen
peristalsis: slows down
pupils: dilate
sweat: reduced body temp

Question 5

where are pre-ganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located

Answer 5

intermediolateral horn of T1 - L2

Question 6

where do the axons of pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres connect

Answer 6

leave the cord via the ventral roots and enter the sympathetic trunk

Question 7

chemical transmitter between post-ganglionic sympathetic axons and the structures they innervate

Answer 7

mostly noradrenaline
in some cases adrenaline

Question 8

use of adrenaline or noradrenaline in hospitals

Answer 8

cases of hypotension and cardiac arrest
treatment of anaphylactic shock
to dilate the bronchioles in acute asthma

Question 9

where are the pre-ganglionic cell bodies of sympathetic nerves that supply the heart and lungs

where do they synapse

Answer 9

intermediolateral horn of T1-T5 spinal segments

T1-T5 ganglia along the sympathetic trunk

Question 10

what is the route of post-synaptic sympathetic fibres that supply the heart

Answer 10

transverse cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves and cardiac plexus
end in the SA node, AV node and on the coronary arteries

Question 11

adrenergic receptors on coronary blood vessels

Answer 11

Beta 2
when activated cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscles of the arteries

Question 12

where are the pulmonary plexuses

Answer 12

posterior to the roots of the lungs

Question 13

where do the pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves that supply the abdominal and pelvic organs arise

where do they

Answer 13

abdominal: T5-T12
pelvic: L1-L2

pre-aortic ganglia in front of the abdominal aorta
(do not synapse in the chain ganglia but do pass through it

Question 14

what path do post-ganglionic sympathetic axons take to reach abdominal and pelvic organs

Answer 14

follow the arteries that supply it

Question 15

sympathetic supply of the adrenal gland

Answer 15

pre-ganglionic axons synapse on the cells in the adrenal medulla

produces adrenaline

Question 16

sympathetic supply of the male internal genital organs

Answer 16

causes contraction of these organs
initiates ejaculation

Question 17

sympathetic supply of female internal genital organs

Answer 17

causes uterine contraction

Question 18

pre-ganglionic sympathetic supply of the skin

Answer 18

pre-ganglionic fibres leave the cord, peel off from the spinal nerve,
join sympathetic ganglia via white rami communicantes,
synapse in the sympathetic ganglia

Question 19

post-ganglionic sympathetic supply of the skin

Answer 19

rejoin the spinal nerve via grey rami communicantes
distributes via the spinal nerve to the skin

many supply sweat glands and peripheral arteries of extremities and head

Question 20

sympathetic supply of the orbit and eye

Answer 20

ganglia in the neck supply the muscle of the upper eyelid, dilator papillae and skin of the face and neck

Question 21

Horner’s syndrome

Answer 21

damage to the sympathetic system centrally or to the superior cervical ganglion

may result in group of signs on one side of the face:
drooping of upper eyelid
small fixed pupil
flushing of the skin of face and neck