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Neuroanatomy > Neurons and Glial Cells > Flashcards

Neurons and Glial Cells Flashcards

1
Q

where does the axon arise from

A

axon hillock

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2
Q

what is the axoplasm and what does it lack

A

axonal cytoplasm
lacks RER and Golgi

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3
Q

why must materials be transported back and forth between the cell body and terminus

A

lacks components for synthesising new proteins and degrading old ones

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4
Q

fast component of axonal transport

A

50 - 400 mm/day
transports cytoplasmic proteins and macromolecules

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5
Q

slow component of axonal transport

A

1 - 4 mm/day
transports cytoskeletal components

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6
Q

number of glial cells vs neurons

A

10x more

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7
Q

Anterograde transport
Retrograde transport

A

Anterograde transport is forward, away from cell body
Retrograde transport is transport towards the cell body

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8
Q

contents of dendrites

A

all cytoplasmic components found in the cell body except the Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

function of dendritic spines

A

increase surface area

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10
Q

pre-synaptic membrane

A

thickened region in the plasmalemma
contains voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

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11
Q

arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal

A

opening of Ca2+ channels
triggers exocytosis of the neurotransmitters

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12
Q

synaptic cleft size

A

20 - 40 mm

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13
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

thickened region in the plasmalemma
excitatory synapses contains voltage-gated Na+ channels
inhibitory synapses contains voltage-gated K+ or Cl- channels

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14
Q

what generally results from damage to the cell body of a neuron
why

A

cell death
cannot undergo cell division

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15
Q

what is the initial result of severing or crushing of an axon

A

cell body swells and nucleus is displaced peripherally
chromatolysis

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16
Q

chromatolysis

A

after axonal damage, Nissl bodies disperse with a concomitant loss in the cytoplasmic basophilia

17
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

anterograde degeneration after from the site of injury
Axon swells and degenerates causing fragmentation of myelin sheath which are removed b phagocytes

18
Q

schwann cells in axonal damage

A

can proliferate and form a tube distal to the injury
causes axon to regain function
takes 3 weeks

19
Q

lesion in peripheral neuron

A
20
Q

axonal sprouts

A
21
Q

axon stump

A
22
Q

oligodendrocytes overview

A

60 - 80% of glial cells
myelin sheath formation

23
Q

astrocyte overview

A

25% of glial cells
BBB
structural support and scar formation
secretion of growth factors
water transport
excess transport -> cerebral oedema

24
Q

microglia overview

A

5-10% of glia cells
brain macrophages
secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
APCs

25
Q

astrocyte pedicles

A

end feet that terminate on capillaries/pia matter

26
Q

fibrous astrocytes

A

located primarily in white matter
long spindly processes with few branches

27
Q

protoplasmic astrocytes

A

located in grey matter
thick, lightly branched processes closely apposed to neuron somas

28
Q

functions of astrocytes

A

regulation of intercellular environment
structural support
metabolise neurotransmitters
mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites between blood and neurons
form glial scar after CNS injury

29
Q

tripartite synapse

A
30
Q

oligodendrocytes in white and grey matter

A

white matter: predominant glial cell, produce myelin sheath
grey matter: closely associated with cell bodies functioning as satellite cells and anchor cell bodies

31
Q

what is the PNS composed of

A

neuron processes of CNS neurons and PSN neural cells
Schwann cells and satellite cells
nerve endings

32
Q

peripheral nerve structure

A

fascicles of nerve fibres surrounded by myelin sheaths and connective tissue
epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium

33
Q

epineurium

A

connective tissue surrounding entire nerve

34
Q

perineurium

A

layer of dense connective tissue around each fascicle

35
Q

endoneurium

A

thin reticular layer surrounding each individual nerve fibre
contains Schwann cells
lies outside and encloses the myelin sheath

36
Q

number of axons myelinated by ODGs vs Schwann cells

A

ODGs myelinate portions of several axons
Schwann cells myelinate portions of a single axon

37
Q

ganglia
what do they contain

A

encapsulated collections of neuron cell bodies located outside CNS
contain satellite cells, connective tissue elements and neurons

38
Q

ganglia satellite cells

A

amphicytes
glial cells that form a capsule of cells around neural cell bodies

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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