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Theriogenology > Swine Theriogenology > Flashcards

Swine Theriogenology Flashcards

1
Q

Gilt

A

Primparous female

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2
Q

Sow

A

Multiparous female

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3
Q

Barrow

A

Castrated male

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4
Q

Boar

A

Intact male

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5
Q

General facts

A

Non seasonal polyestrus

  • 18-23 day cycle (21 avg)
  • gestation length 114 days
  • occurs at 6-7 months of age and/or weight of 220-240 pounds (boars attain puberty sooner)
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6
Q

Standing heat will last ______

A

40-70 hours

  • sow seeks male
  • displays erect ears and stands perfectly still
  • erection after mounting
  • mating lasts 5-8 minutes
  • large ejaculate (150-200 mls)
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7
Q

Maternal recognition

A

Conceptus produces estradiol

  • estradiol causes PGF2alpha to be rerouted into uterine lumen rather than toward the ovary
  • intraluminal PGF does not cause luteolysis
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8
Q

Early pregnancy timeline

A

All eggs are fertilized

  • embryos enter uterus 48 hrs after ovulation
  • hatch zona on day 6
  • distribute evenly through uterine horns on days 9-11
  • implantation begins on day 13
  • MRP by day 14
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9
Q

There must be at least _____ viable embryos on day 12 for pregnancy to be maintained

A

4-5

- required to counteract luteolytic mechanism

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10
Q

Early embryonic death occurs

A

25-40%

  • 20 follicles ovulated, all are fertilized, 40% loss leaves 12 viable fetuses
  • most are lost prior to MRP
  • others are lost prior to day 40
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11
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • boar exposure 18-23 days post breeding
  • rectal ultrasound 25-30 days post breeding
  • B-mode transabdominal ultrasound at 18-22 days
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12
Q

BSE of boars

A

Rarely performed, difficult to ID low fertility boars due to heterospermic inseminations

  • look at history, PE, libido
  • semen collection, gloved hand over dummy
  • electroejaculation requires anesthesia
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13
Q

Semen evaluation

A

Opalescent, milky yellow

  • gel free fraction: 150-250 mls
  • total sperm: 40 billion
  • progressively motile sperm: 70-90%
  • morphologically normal sperm: >70%
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14
Q

Female BSE

A
  • rarely performed
  • economics
  • infertile animals are culled
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15
Q

Puberty induction

A

Expose gilts older than 150 days to a mature boar twice daily for 30 minutes (whitten effect)

  • effective at inducing cyclicity
  • vasectomized boars can be used
  • injection of PG600
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16
Q

Estrus synchronization

A
  • farm labor better managed
  • estrus detection can be intensified
  • synchronized farrowings allow for higher survival
  • manage gilts, sows, and piglets in groups
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17
Q

Group weaning occurs

A

21 days postpartum

  • > 80% will show estrus in 4-8 days
  • easy, cost effective
18
Q

Progestagens

A

Artificial corpus luteum

  • suppress estrus and cause synchrony upon removal
  • good results with altrenogest, with estrus occurring 5-7 days after last feeding
  • Matrix
19
Q

Why are prostaglandins not used?

A

CL is refractory to PGF until day 12-14

- used to treat a group of animals causing abortion followed by synchronized fertile estrus

20
Q

When are sows bred

A

After estrus is first detected and 24 hours later

- gilts are bred at 12 hour intervals

21
Q

Goal of breeding management

A

1 litter every 5 months

  • 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days of pregnancy
  • 3 weeks of weaning
  • 1 week until estrus
22
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Boar is collected (sperm rich fraction) twice weekly over a phantom
- diluted with extender (androhep or safecell to store semen up to 10 days)

23
Q

AI dose

A

60-100 mls containing 2-3 billion sperm, or 1 billion sperm per day of storage

24
Q

AI pregnancy rates

A
  • double inseminations can increase preg rates and litter size by 1-2 piglets
  • fresh semen can be as good as natural
  • preg rates for gils are 10-15% lower than sows
25
Farrowing
Swelling of vulvar lips beginning 4 days prepartum - restlessness/nesting behavior starts 24 hrs prior to farrowing - duration averages 3 hrs but can be 30 min-10 hrs in length - interpiglet interval is 15-20 min - fetal membrane expulsion averages 4 hrs but can take up to 12.5 hrs
26
Advantages to induced farrowing
- labor issues - survivability, used to reduce pre-weaning mortality - more attention to piglets, reducing stillborns - goal is to wean more piglets
27
Induction of farrowing
Day 112 of gestation give an injection of prostaglandin at 10-11 AM - sows farrow 20-30 hrs after injection - 75% respond by next day - oxytocin to jump start non responders
28
Why do you remove piglets during farrowing
- prevents crushing - cannibalism - colostrum deprivation
29
Dystocia
Uterine inertia, small pelvic size, inadequate dilation of birth canal - straining followed by 4 hrs without producing a piglet - interval between piglets is >1 hrs - remove piglet by traction if possible
30
C section
General anesthesia, sedation followed by epidural/local block and restraint - lateral recumbency, incision is dorsal and parallel to mammary chain (just in front of and below the prefemoral fold)
31
Cystic ovarian disease
Common cause of irregular cyclicity and anestrus - diagnosis is presumptive - no treatment, cull
32
Zearalenone
Mycotoxin found on corn and barley - estrogenic effects: vaginal prolapse, vaginitis, abnormal cyclicity, infertility - dx based on signs and feed analysis
33
Brucellosis
B. suis - abortion - stillborns and birth of weak piglets - infertility with repeat breeding - orchitis - spondylytis with paresis - card test followed by culture and serology
34
Brucellosis treatment
No treatment - reportable disease followed by cull and slaughter - zoonosis - control by depopulation - test young prior to breeding and farrowing - surveillance - found in some wild hogs
35
SMEDI complex
Stillborns Mummies Embryonic Death Infertility - porcine parvovirus - porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - porcine enterovirus - pseudorabies
36
Porcine parvovirus
Gilts and young sows - embryonic and fetal death, mummification - abortion is rare - leads to small litters - vaccination and controlled infection - natural infection = lifelong immunity
37
Porcine enterovirus
Identical symptoms to parvo - no vaccine - diagnosis by FA on fetus - controlled infection
38
PRRS
Worldwide distribution - numerous stains - late term abortions - premature births and stillbirths - neonatal death - respiratory signs in unweaned piglets - vaccination and controlled infection as for PPV
39
Pseudorabies
Young pigs it causes nervous signs, diarrhea, vomiting, respiratory distress and rapid death - SMEDI in adults - mummies are not common - late abortions and weak piglets most common - dx with VI, FA, histopath of fetus
40
Leptopirosis
Asymptomatic in adults except for stillbirths, weak pigs and late abortions - persistently shed in urine of infected animals - edematous icteric fetuses - dx with MAT, darfield microscopy - prevent with frequent vaccines, rodent control, water removal - control outbreak with antibiotics (streptomycin)
41
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Faulty gas heaters used to heat barns - abortion/stillbirth in late term sows - dark coloration of mucous membranes in sows - dz with history and value of CO >200 ppm - improve ventilation - remove/repair faulty heater

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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