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Theriogenology > Swine Theriogenology > Flashcards

Swine Theriogenology Flashcards

1
Q

Gilt

A

Primparous female

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2
Q

Sow

A

Multiparous female

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3
Q

Barrow

A

Castrated male

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4
Q

Boar

A

Intact male

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5
Q

General facts

A

Non seasonal polyestrus

  • 18-23 day cycle (21 avg)
  • gestation length 114 days
  • occurs at 6-7 months of age and/or weight of 220-240 pounds (boars attain puberty sooner)
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6
Q

Standing heat will last ______

A

40-70 hours

  • sow seeks male
  • displays erect ears and stands perfectly still
  • erection after mounting
  • mating lasts 5-8 minutes
  • large ejaculate (150-200 mls)
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7
Q

Maternal recognition

A

Conceptus produces estradiol

  • estradiol causes PGF2alpha to be rerouted into uterine lumen rather than toward the ovary
  • intraluminal PGF does not cause luteolysis
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8
Q

Early pregnancy timeline

A

All eggs are fertilized

  • embryos enter uterus 48 hrs after ovulation
  • hatch zona on day 6
  • distribute evenly through uterine horns on days 9-11
  • implantation begins on day 13
  • MRP by day 14
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9
Q

There must be at least _____ viable embryos on day 12 for pregnancy to be maintained

A

4-5

- required to counteract luteolytic mechanism

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10
Q

Early embryonic death occurs

A

25-40%

  • 20 follicles ovulated, all are fertilized, 40% loss leaves 12 viable fetuses
  • most are lost prior to MRP
  • others are lost prior to day 40
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11
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • boar exposure 18-23 days post breeding
  • rectal ultrasound 25-30 days post breeding
  • B-mode transabdominal ultrasound at 18-22 days
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12
Q

BSE of boars

A

Rarely performed, difficult to ID low fertility boars due to heterospermic inseminations

  • look at history, PE, libido
  • semen collection, gloved hand over dummy
  • electroejaculation requires anesthesia
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13
Q

Semen evaluation

A

Opalescent, milky yellow

  • gel free fraction: 150-250 mls
  • total sperm: 40 billion
  • progressively motile sperm: 70-90%
  • morphologically normal sperm: >70%
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14
Q

Female BSE

A
  • rarely performed
  • economics
  • infertile animals are culled
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15
Q

Puberty induction

A

Expose gilts older than 150 days to a mature boar twice daily for 30 minutes (whitten effect)

  • effective at inducing cyclicity
  • vasectomized boars can be used
  • injection of PG600
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16
Q

Estrus synchronization

A
  • farm labor better managed
  • estrus detection can be intensified
  • synchronized farrowings allow for higher survival
  • manage gilts, sows, and piglets in groups
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17
Q

Group weaning occurs

A

21 days postpartum

  • > 80% will show estrus in 4-8 days
  • easy, cost effective
18
Q

Progestagens

A

Artificial corpus luteum

  • suppress estrus and cause synchrony upon removal
  • good results with altrenogest, with estrus occurring 5-7 days after last feeding
  • Matrix
19
Q

Why are prostaglandins not used?

A

CL is refractory to PGF until day 12-14

- used to treat a group of animals causing abortion followed by synchronized fertile estrus

20
Q

When are sows bred

A

After estrus is first detected and 24 hours later

- gilts are bred at 12 hour intervals

21
Q

Goal of breeding management

A

1 litter every 5 months

  • 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days of pregnancy
  • 3 weeks of weaning
  • 1 week until estrus
22
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Boar is collected (sperm rich fraction) twice weekly over a phantom
- diluted with extender (androhep or safecell to store semen up to 10 days)

23
Q

AI dose

A

60-100 mls containing 2-3 billion sperm, or 1 billion sperm per day of storage

24
Q

AI pregnancy rates

A
  • double inseminations can increase preg rates and litter size by 1-2 piglets
  • fresh semen can be as good as natural
  • preg rates for gils are 10-15% lower than sows
25
Q

Farrowing

A

Swelling of vulvar lips beginning 4 days prepartum

  • restlessness/nesting behavior starts 24 hrs prior to farrowing
  • duration averages 3 hrs but can be 30 min-10 hrs in length
  • interpiglet interval is 15-20 min
  • fetal membrane expulsion averages 4 hrs but can take up to 12.5 hrs
26
Q

Advantages to induced farrowing

A
  • labor issues
  • survivability, used to reduce pre-weaning mortality
  • more attention to piglets, reducing stillborns
  • goal is to wean more piglets
27
Q

Induction of farrowing

A

Day 112 of gestation give an injection of prostaglandin at 10-11 AM

  • sows farrow 20-30 hrs after injection
  • 75% respond by next day
  • oxytocin to jump start non responders
28
Q

Why do you remove piglets during farrowing

A
  • prevents crushing
  • cannibalism
  • colostrum deprivation
29
Q

Dystocia

A

Uterine inertia, small pelvic size, inadequate dilation of birth canal

  • straining followed by 4 hrs without producing a piglet
  • interval between piglets is >1 hrs
  • remove piglet by traction if possible
30
Q

C section

A

General anesthesia, sedation followed by epidural/local block and restraint
- lateral recumbency, incision is dorsal and parallel to mammary chain (just in front of and below the prefemoral fold)

31
Q

Cystic ovarian disease

A

Common cause of irregular cyclicity and anestrus

  • diagnosis is presumptive
  • no treatment, cull
32
Q

Zearalenone

A

Mycotoxin found on corn and barley

  • estrogenic effects: vaginal prolapse, vaginitis, abnormal cyclicity, infertility
  • dx based on signs and feed analysis
33
Q

Brucellosis

A

B. suis

  • abortion
  • stillborns and birth of weak piglets
  • infertility with repeat breeding
  • orchitis
  • spondylytis with paresis
  • card test followed by culture and serology
34
Q

Brucellosis treatment

A

No treatment

  • reportable disease followed by cull and slaughter
  • zoonosis
  • control by depopulation
  • test young prior to breeding and farrowing
  • surveillance
  • found in some wild hogs
35
Q

SMEDI complex

A

Stillborns Mummies Embryonic Death Infertility

  • porcine parvovirus
  • porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
  • porcine enterovirus
  • pseudorabies
36
Q

Porcine parvovirus

A

Gilts and young sows

  • embryonic and fetal death, mummification
  • abortion is rare
  • leads to small litters
  • vaccination and controlled infection
  • natural infection = lifelong immunity
37
Q

Porcine enterovirus

A

Identical symptoms to parvo

  • no vaccine
  • diagnosis by FA on fetus
  • controlled infection
38
Q

PRRS

A

Worldwide distribution

  • numerous stains
  • late term abortions
  • premature births and stillbirths
  • neonatal death
  • respiratory signs in unweaned piglets
  • vaccination and controlled infection as for PPV
39
Q

Pseudorabies

A

Young pigs it causes nervous signs, diarrhea, vomiting, respiratory distress and rapid death

  • SMEDI in adults
  • mummies are not common
  • late abortions and weak piglets most common
  • dx with VI, FA, histopath of fetus
40
Q

Leptopirosis

A

Asymptomatic in adults except for stillbirths, weak pigs and late abortions

  • persistently shed in urine of infected animals
  • edematous icteric fetuses
  • dx with MAT, darfield microscopy
  • prevent with frequent vaccines, rodent control, water removal
  • control outbreak with antibiotics (streptomycin)
41
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Faulty gas heaters used to heat barns

  • abortion/stillbirth in late term sows
  • dark coloration of mucous membranes in sows
  • dz with history and value of CO >200 ppm
  • improve ventilation
  • remove/repair faulty heater

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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