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Theriogenology > Equine Endometritis, Venereal Disease, Retained Cups > Flashcards

Equine Endometritis, Venereal Disease, Retained Cups Flashcards

1
Q

Endometritis involves only the _______

A

Endometrium

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2
Q

Metritis involves ______

A

Deeper tissues, including the myometrium

- severe sequela include peritonitis and laminitis

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3
Q

______ is the #1 cause of reduced fertility in mares

A

Endometritis

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4
Q

Uterus is contaminated via

A
  • parturition
  • natural breeding
  • repro exams
  • AI
  • poor conformation
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5
Q

How do normal mares respond to uterine contamination?

A

Transient inflammatory response

  • PMNs, phagocytosis, uterine contractions, PGs
  • able to clear bacteria/infection and fluid
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6
Q

Susceptible mares

A

Unable to clear the infection due to a breakdown in their uterine defense mechanisms

  • prone to persistent post-mating endometritis, chronic endometritis
  • 15% of mare population are “susceptible”
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7
Q

Mating induced endometritis

A

Inability to clear uterus of fluid after breeding

  • 15% of broodmare population affected
  • must examine mares after breeding, observe fluid
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8
Q

Bacterial causes of endometritis

A
  • streptococcus zooepidemicus
  • e coli
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • klebsiella pneumoniae
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9
Q

Yeast/fungi causes of endometritis

A
  • candida
  • aspergillus
  • mucor
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10
Q

Diagnosis of endometritis

A
  • external signs
  • speculum findings
  • endometrial swabs
  • endometrial biopsy
  • small volume uterine lavage/cytology
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11
Q

Treatment options

A
  • correct underlying problem
  • antimicrobials
  • ecbolic agents
  • uterine lavage
  • intrauterine antiseptics
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12
Q

How to correct conformational defects

A
  • caslick’s (pneumovagina)
  • urethral extension (urine pooling)
  • cervical injuries
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13
Q

Local antibiotics

A

Intrauterine vs infusion

  • penicillins, ceftiofur, gentamicin, ticarcillin
  • use caution “resistance”
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14
Q

Systemic antibiotics

A

Some antibiotics reach therapeutic level in the uterus after systemic administration
- baytril, amikacin, TMS/SMZ

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15
Q

When do you use antibiotics?

A

Treat concurrently during same cycle they are bred

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16
Q

Uterine lavage

A

Large bore catheter placed in uterus

  • lavage with large volumes of LRS or saline (3 liters)
  • add antiseptics (5cc of betadyne/liter)
  • physically flushes uterus of contamination and stimulates influx of neutrophils
17
Q

Fungal metritis

A

Secondary to repeated antibiotic administration

  • chronic
  • hyphae seen on cytology/biopsy
  • cultured from uterus
  • guarded prognosis
18
Q

Fungal metritis - treatment

A
  • correct any conformational defects
  • antifungal agents
  • other
19
Q

Ecbolic agents

A

Stimulates myometrial contractions, which expel fluid from the uterus

  • oxytocin: immediate response
  • cloprostenol (synthetic prostaglandin): prolonged response (2-4 hrs), can cause mild colic
20
Q

Newer therapies

A
  • acetyl cysteine
  • DMSO
  • buffered chelating agents
  • corticosteriods
21
Q

Managing susceptible mare

A
  • use minimal contamination breeding
  • uterine lavage prior to max inflammation
  • ecbolics as needed
  • follow-up exam to verify fluid has been evacuated
22
Q

Venereal disease - route of transmission

A
  • coitus
  • contaminated instruments
  • personnel can act as mechanical vector
  • common in natural mating situations (prevalence is low in situation of AI use)
23
Q

Contagious equine metritis

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

- gram neg microaerophilic coccobacillus

24
Q

Transmission of CEM

A
  • coitus
  • careless handling of genitalia
  • contaminated instruments: breeding roll, artificial vagina, speculum
  • many mares are infected, but few become carriers
  • clitoral fossa is preferential site of colonization
25
Q

Clinical signs of CEM

A
  • copious vaginal discharge (grey, 8-10 days after breeding)
  • no clinical signs in stallions
  • mares go unnoticed
26
Q

Diagnosis of CEM

A
  • culture: most reliable, amies transport media w/ charcoal or chocolate agar + 10% horse blood
  • serologic testing (mares only)
27
Q

CEM - mare treatment

A
  • antibiotics for 3-5 days
  • pack clitoral fossa: nitrofurazone, chlorhexadine, silver sulfadiazine
  • clitoral sinusectomy
  • culture to confirm clearance
28
Q

CEM - stallion treatment

A
  • thorough cleaning of penis and prepuce (chlorhexidine)
  • apply nitrofurazone dressing
  • repeat for 5 days
  • culture to confirm clearance
  • treatment/control is highly regulated by USDA
29
Q

Control of CEM

A
  • strict hygiene
  • ID of positive animals and treatment
  • use of sterile disposable equipment
  • quarantine of imported animals with testing protocol
  • reportable disease
30
Q

Pseudomonoas and Klebsiella

A

Venereal route of infection

  • sexual transmission depends on balance of organisms on the penis of stallions –> discourage vigorous cleaning of stallion penis
  • need for normal commensal organisms –> compete with pathologic bacteria
31
Q

E coli and Strep zoo

A

Seen in mares with marginal to poor perineal conformation

  • not thought to be transmitted by venereal route
  • treat and manage like routine endometritis
32
Q

Retained endometrial cups

A
  • formed at 35-45 days of pregnancy

- remain until day 120-140 of pregnancy, even if fetus dies

33
Q

Cups produce _____

A

eCG

  • retained cups cause erratic and frustrating cycles with pregnancy never occurring
  • dx with US/endoscopy and eCG testing

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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