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Theriogenology > Equine Abortion - Infectious Causes > Flashcards

Equine Abortion - Infectious Causes Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy wastage

A

Embryonic loss

  • fertilization - 40 days of gestation
  • after pregnancy confirmation
  • abortion: 40-300 days
  • premature loss/stillbirth: 300-320 days
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2
Q

Abortion

A

Termination of pregnancy before fetus is capable of extra-uterine life

  • infectious/non-infectious
  • in only 60% of cases is a causative agent ID’d
  • overall rate is 5-15%
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3
Q

Most abortions are the result of placental dysfunction

A
  • placentitis

- twinning

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4
Q

Clinical signs

A
  • premature mammary development (twins)
  • vulvar discharge
  • absence of any sign is common
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5
Q

Signs of placentitis/impending abortion

A
  • absence of any sign is common
  • premature udder development
  • scant vaginal discharge
  • uterine thickening observed on US
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6
Q

What to do in abortion cases

A
  • complete history, recent travel
  • submit aborted fetus and placenta
  • uterine culture
  • isolation of mare until diagnosis
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7
Q

Big rule outs for EQ abortion

A
  • equine rhinopneumonitis
  • ascending placentitis
  • nocardioform placentitis
  • leptospirosis
  • equine viral arteritis (reportable)
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8
Q

EHV-1

A
  • respiratory disease
  • neurological disease
  • abortion
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9
Q

EHV-4

A

Primarily respiratory

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10
Q

EHV transmission

A
  • inhalation
  • direct contact
  • latent carriers
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11
Q

Equine rhinopneumonitis

A

EHV-1

  • most important cause!
  • transmitted via direct contact thru nasal secretions
  • latent carriers
  • abortion generally occurs after 5 months gestation without maternal signs
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12
Q

Equine rhinopnemonitis causes ______

A

Late term abortions

  • foal is normal appearing
  • fetal lesions: SQ edema, jaundice, enlarged liver with white spots
  • no premonitory signs
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13
Q

Rhinopneumonitis diagnosis

A

Histopath, liver lesions, VI, FAT, or PCR

  • vaccinate preg mares at 5, 7, 9 mos post gestation
  • isolate young stock
  • maintain closed herd
  • avoid contact w/ horses from shows
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14
Q

Bacterial placentitis

A

Most common cause of equine abortion!!

  • also causes premature delivery and neonatal death
  • ascending infection, except w/ lepto and nocardioform
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15
Q

Ascending placentitis

A
  • udder development
  • increased uteroplacental thickness
  • vaginal discharge
  • compromise of placental function w/ separation of placenta
  • fetal death and expulsion ensue
  • edematous and thickened chorioallantois
  • fibrinous exudate at cervical star region
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16
Q

Ascending placentitis occurs in _______

A

Older multiparous mares

  • poor perineal conformation
  • cervical incompetence
  • strep equi sp. zoo (most common)
  • e coli
  • klebsiella pneumoniae
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • aspergillus
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17
Q

Ultrasonography

A
  • combined thickness of uterus and placenta
  • cranial to cervix
  • distance between middle branch of uterine artery and allantoic fluid
  • placental separation
  • purulent material
18
Q

CTUP _____ with increasing days of gestation

A

Increases

19
Q

Goals of ascending placentitis treatment

A

Maintain pregnancy long enough to allow fetal maturation (precocious maturation)

  • antibiotics
  • anti-inflammatory
  • tocolytic to prevent uterine contraction
20
Q

Equine mycotic placentitis

A
  • ascending
  • thickened chorioallantois
  • fetus is fresh with growth retardation
  • dermatitis
  • fungal hyphe seen in placenta, liver, lungs, stomach
  • aspergillus, mucor, candida, histoplasma
21
Q

Nocardioform placentitis

A

Actinomycetes

  • thickening at base of uterine horns
  • late gestation (abortion, stillbirths, weak foals)
  • placental lesions (thick, brown exudate)
22
Q

CTUP with nocardioform placentitis will be ______

A

Normal

23
Q

Nocardioform is common in ______

A

Central KY

24
Q

Equine viral arteritis

A

Equine viral arteritis virus

  • subclinical infections common
  • clinical: fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, abortion, edema (ventrum, limb, eyelid)
25
Q

EVA seropositive status

A
  • standardbred: 85%
  • american saddlebred: 25%
  • quarter horse: 12%
  • thoroughbred: 2%
26
Q

EVA transmission

A
  • aerosol
  • venereal
  • contact with bodily fluids
  • vertical
  • fomites
27
Q

EVA pathogenesis

A
  • vascular endothelial cells

- myometrial necrosis

28
Q

EVA abortion

A

3-8 weeks after initial infection

  • no premonitory signs
  • partially autolyzed
29
Q

EVA diagnosis

A

IHC tissue samples

- viral isolation via nasopharyngeal swabs, look at buffy coat

30
Q

EVA in carrier stallions

A

1/3 of stallions

  • testosterone dependent (geldings are not carriers)
  • virus neutralization assay –> tests for exposure, then do viral isolation
31
Q

EVA vaccination will cause ______

A

Seropositive status!

32
Q

Management of carrier stallions

A
  • state vet
  • isolated from other stallions
  • vaccinated mares
  • seropositive mares
33
Q

Mare breeding to carrier stallions

A
  • serologic status
  • vaccinate and isolate seronegative mares
  • seropositive mares isolated 24-48 hrs post breeding
34
Q

Are mares chronic carriers?

A

No!

35
Q

Prevention of carrier state

A
  • determine serologic status

- vaccinate 6-12 months of age –> determine and document serologic state before vaccination

36
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Sporadic cause of equine abortions/placentitis

  • generally occurs 6-9 mos gestation
  • L. interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki is most common in NA
  • diffuse lesions due to hematogenous spread
37
Q

Placentitis not involving cervical star

A
  • thick, heavy, edematous, hemorrhagic placenta
  • brown edema of the chorion
  • funisitis
38
Q

Lepto fetus

A

Icterus, liver enlargement, nephritis, hepatitis

  • dx with MAT on serum of mares and aborted fetuses
  • fluorescent antibody test on mare’s urien, fetal liver/kidney, placenta
  • isolate aborting mares because shedding can last up to 14 weeks
  • wildlife are carriers
39
Q

Lepto treatment

A
  • isolate affected mares
  • titer exposed to mares
  • antibiotics
  • prevention: limit exposure standing water, vaccination
40
Q

Dourine

A

Venereal transmission of Trypanosoma equiperdum (protozoal parasite)

  • low morbidity, high mortality
  • spread via male to female
  • middle east, north and south africa, central and south america
  • not present in US
41
Q

Dourine symptoms

A

Chronic disease

  • edema of penis, prepuce and scrotum
  • edema of external genitalia, raised plaques and discharge in mares
  • test, slaughter and quarantine used for control
42
Q

Piroplasmosis

A

Babesia caballi, Thelaria equi

  • mares have icterus and hemoglobinuria
  • excessive fluid in peritoneal/thoracic cavity
  • cELISA by USDA lab
  • recently in FL, MO, KS, TX
  • reportable!!!

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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