swine nutrition and feeding Flashcards
what is the life cycle of a sow
- insemination
- gestation
- farrowing
- lactation
- weaning
how long is the life cycle of a sow
~20 weeks (142 days)
what is the life cycle of pigs
- weaning
- nursery
- grower
- finisher
- market
- some (~10%) selected as a replacement breeder
how long is the life cycle of a pig
~24 weeks (160-180 days)
how long is gestation
114 days
how long is lactation
21 days
how long is weaning till next insemination
4-7 days
what do the farrowing rooms consist of
stage of production
farrowing and lactation and weaning
what does the breeding and gestation rooms consist of
stage of production
insemination and gestation
how long does it take from pigs to go from the nursery to grower life cycle
56 days
how long does it take from pigs to go from grower to finisher to market life cycles
how long is finisher stage
90 days
what do the finishing barns consist of
life cycles
grower, finisher, market
how old are piglets in the weaning stage and how heavy are they
3 weeks, 15lbs
how old are piglets in the nursery stage and how heavy are they
11 weeks, 55lbs
how old are pigs during the market stage and how heavy are they
22 weeks, 270lbs
what is the primary source of energy in swine nutrition
corn
what are cereals low in
lysine, tryptophan, threonine
limiting AA
when is fat used as an energy source and what are some examples
- occasionally used as a denser source of energy during lactation or summertime
- tallow and grease
what is fiber in swine nutrition
- no minimum requirement
- energy inversely proportional to fiber content
fiber is bad in swine diets
what is the most common source of protein in swine diets
soybean meal
what is wrong with animal derived protein
contributes to propagation of disease
how is synthetic crystalline AA useful
lysine: 3lbs Lys + 97lbs corn = 100 lbs SBM
what is ideal protein useful for
- maintenance vs growth
- lactation
- effect of age/Wt, gender, and genotype
- may require different AA mixtures
what is important in macrominerals in swine diets
- ratio is important
- Ca:P should be 1.1:1 to 1.5:1
what are some examlples of Ca,P sources
- monocalcium phosphate
- dicalcium phosphate
- monosodium phosphate
- rock phosphate
- limestone
what are the minerals used for metabolic regulation
I, Co, Zn, Ch
what are the minerals used for enzyme function
Se, Zn, Mn
what are the minerals used for hematopoiesis
Fe, Cu
what are the vitamins that swine need
- fat soluble
- water soluble (B vitamins)
what vitamins are needed in the breeding herd only
- folic acid
- choline
- biotin
what happens to the flow rate of water as pigs get older
increases
nitrates in water cause problems if..
greater than 100 ppm
bacteria in water need to be..
- fewer than 100 total bacteria per mililiter
- fewer than 50 coliforms per mililiter
total dissolved solids < 1000 ppm
no risk
total dissolved solids > 7000 ppm
unfit for pigs
what is fighting nature in sow nutrition
- peri-parturient behavior - not eat during lactation
- limit feed in gestation
- challenge feed during lactation
- need to have nutrient balance so they aren’t negative
what is fighting nature in pig nutrition
- weaned pigs digestive capacities (amylase and protease increases overtime; lipase is unchanged; lactase decreases overtime)
- match diet ingredients to animal’s capabilities
- weaned pigs don’t do well on plant based diet - incorporate animal protein
what is feeding a moving target
- nutrient requirements of a growing animal changes daily
- in therory could change ration daily, but not practical
- phase feeding - change rations
what is the protein requirement in swine as they get closer to market
protein requirement decreases
what is the optimal amount of phases in phase feeding
7 phases
* increasing number of phases is possible when # of pigs on farm increases
* fixes protein deficiency issue
* helps with overfeedin protein
what is precision livestock feeding
- matching needs of individual animal
- high and low protein diets
- identify pigs by tags and track their weight
what is split-sex feeding
- gilts eat less per day
- gilts grow less per day
- gilts are overfed if fed the same as barrows
what is the new castration technology
- GnRH vaccine to create analogue against GnRH - shuts down testosterone
- feeding boars until last 4-8 wks of life
- boars more efficient than gilts or barrows
what are anti-nutrient agents
- unused nutrient pas through animal
- act risk to pollute the environment
- match nutrients available to nutrient requirements
what are environmental-friendly feeding strategies
- phase and split-sex feeding
- amino acid substitution
- phytase
- GMO’s (high lysine corn and low phytate corn)
what happens to ammonia secretion when AA are added and CP% decreases
decreases
phytase
artificially made so pigs can use phosphorus
GMO’s
- high lysine corn
- low phytate corn
- reduces environmental impact
what are benchmarks
- time (days) –> days-to-markey (DTM)
- weight gain (lbs)
- feed consumed (lbs)
what is weight gain/time
average daily gain (ADG) (lbs/day)
what is feed consumed/weight gain
feed efficiency (FE)(lbs/day)
what is wrong with continuous flow of pigs
- new pigs in and old pigs out flow
- opportunity for disease
what is AIAO
- all in, all out
- transfer pigs from one building to next
- disinfect old building to prep for new ones
- reduces disease and increases feed intake and ADG
what occurs during an immune response
- depression in feed intake
- increase body temp
- nutrients partitioned to immune system
- stimulation of protein catabolism
animals with decreased immune respones grow ___
faster
