comparative micronutrient metabolism - companion animals Flashcards
what are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins
- stored effectively
- potentially toxic when consumed in excess
- require normal fat absorption
what are the characteristics of water soluble vitamins
- not stored effectively
- daily intake necessary to prevent deficiency
- excessibe intake relatively safe
is vitamin C essential in dogs and cats
no
what are the functions of macrominerals
- structure of bones and teeth
- membrane potential
- fluid balance
- acid-base balance
- second messengers
- storage and transport of energy
- co-factors
what are the macrominerals
- calcium
- phosphorus
- potassium
- sodium
- chloride
- magnesium
what are microminerals
- associated with a specific molecule such as an enzyme, hormone, carrier protein, or vitamin
- co-enzymes
what are the microminerals
- iron
- copper
- manganese
- zinc
- selenium
- cobalt
- iodine
what are the ultra trace elements
- molybdenum
- flurorine
- nickel
- silicon
- arsenic
- chromium
what happens if ultra trace elements are consumed in excess
very toxic - these are needed in very small amounts
what are the micronutrient deficiencies of clinical relevance
- vitamin K
- thiamin (B1)
- cobalamin (B12)
- calcium
- zinc
- iron
where do dogs and cats obtain most, if not all of their requirement for VK
from bacterial synthesis in the intestines
what can VK deficiencies be seen with
chronic GI diseases
* malabsorption
* hepatic dysfunction
what also occurs with a VK deficiency
- clotting problems
- hepatic disease
what is VB1 inactivated by
heat and thiaminases in foods
what is wrong with homemade pet foods and VB1
- deficiencies in thiamine
- when people cook the food they don’t supplement in extra VB1
what is a common clinical presentation with VB1 deficiency
- neck ventral flexure
- hyporexia
where does B12 absorption only occur
ileum
what does B12 absorption require
a protein called intrinsic factor
where is intrinsic factor secreted in dogs and cats
pancreas
what is the optimal ratio range for Ca:P in dogs
1.2:1 to 1.4:1
what is the optimal ratio range for Ca:P in cats
0.9:1 to 1.1:1
what happens with a zinc deficiency
- affects mucosa
- common in homemade diets
- crusty lesions around mouth and eyes
what can iron deficiency be seen with
chronic blood loss
how to treat iron deficiency
- treat underlying problem thats causing blood loss
- this normally fixes deficiency then feed complete and balanced diet
- DON’T supplement - can be toxic
what are micronutrients that have toxic effects when consumed in excess
- VA
- VD
- VE
- calcium
what can excessive VA intake cause
- accumulate to toxic levels in dogs and cats
- bone deposition - fatal
what is VD needed for
calcium metabolism
what vitamin can dogs and cats not synthesize even with sun light exposure
vitamin D
what occurs if VD is consumed in excess
- hypercalcemia
- acute renal failure
what is VE requirement linked to
PUFA intake
what is VE
natural antioxidant
what can excess VE cause
- toxicity
- affectd VK - coagulation problems
what happens if there is an overconsumption of calcium in large/giant breed dogs
- developmental orthopedic diseases
- these dogs are very efficient at absorbing Ca
- toxicity affects Ca metabolism leading to cartilage and bone malformation
what are peculiar feline micronutrient requirements
- VA
- pyridozine (B6)
- niacin
why do cats need VA
- they cannot convert B-carotene to retinol
- don’t have enzyme to convert it
- VA only found in animal tissues
why do cats have a high dietary requirement for B6 relative to other mammals
needed for transaminase in liver
why do cats need Niacin
unlike most other mammals, cats cannot synthesize adequate amounts of Niacin from tryptophan to meet their requirements
what can copper deficiency cause in cats
- red coat disease
- problem with cheap animal foods - microminerals not bioavailable
what are 4 common micronutrients that are deficient in chronically ill patients
- VK
- thiamin
- cobalamin
- iron
what are 3 micronutrients that are deficient in chronically ill patients - that are intracellular electrolytes
- potasium
- phosphorus
- magnesium
what are the micronutrients lacking in home-prepared diets
- calcium
- thiamin
- iron
- copper
- zin
- cobalamin
