comparative micronutrient metabolism - companion animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • stored effectively
  • potentially toxic when consumed in excess
  • require normal fat absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the characteristics of water soluble vitamins

A
  • not stored effectively
  • daily intake necessary to prevent deficiency
  • excessibe intake relatively safe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is vitamin C essential in dogs and cats

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the functions of macrominerals

A
  • structure of bones and teeth
  • membrane potential
  • fluid balance
  • acid-base balance
  • second messengers
  • storage and transport of energy
  • co-factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the macrominerals

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • potassium
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • magnesium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are microminerals

A
  • associated with a specific molecule such as an enzyme, hormone, carrier protein, or vitamin
  • co-enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the microminerals

A
  • iron
  • copper
  • manganese
  • zinc
  • selenium
  • cobalt
  • iodine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the ultra trace elements

A
  • molybdenum
  • flurorine
  • nickel
  • silicon
  • arsenic
  • chromium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens if ultra trace elements are consumed in excess

A

very toxic - these are needed in very small amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the micronutrient deficiencies of clinical relevance

A
  • vitamin K
  • thiamin (B1)
  • cobalamin (B12)
  • calcium
  • zinc
  • iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where do dogs and cats obtain most, if not all of their requirement for VK

A

from bacterial synthesis in the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can VK deficiencies be seen with

A

chronic GI diseases
* malabsorption
* hepatic dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what also occurs with a VK deficiency

A
  • clotting problems
  • hepatic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is VB1 inactivated by

A

heat and thiaminases in foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is wrong with homemade pet foods and VB1

A
  • deficiencies in thiamine
  • when people cook the food they don’t supplement in extra VB1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a common clinical presentation with VB1 deficiency

A
  • neck ventral flexure
  • hyporexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where does B12 absorption only occur

18
Q

what does B12 absorption require

A

a protein called intrinsic factor

19
Q

where is intrinsic factor secreted in dogs and cats

20
Q

what is the optimal ratio range for Ca:P in dogs

A

1.2:1 to 1.4:1

21
Q

what is the optimal ratio range for Ca:P in cats

A

0.9:1 to 1.1:1

22
Q

what happens with a zinc deficiency

A
  • affects mucosa
  • common in homemade diets
  • crusty lesions around mouth and eyes
23
Q

what can iron deficiency be seen with

A

chronic blood loss

24
Q

how to treat iron deficiency

A
  • treat underlying problem thats causing blood loss
  • this normally fixes deficiency then feed complete and balanced diet
  • DON’T supplement - can be toxic
25
what are micronutrients that have toxic effects when consumed in excess
* VA * VD * VE * calcium
26
what can excessive VA intake cause
* accumulate to toxic levels in dogs and cats * bone deposition - fatal
27
what is VD needed for
calcium metabolism
28
what vitamin can dogs and cats not synthesize even with sun light exposure
vitamin D
29
what occurs if VD is consumed in excess
* hypercalcemia * acute renal failure
30
what is VE requirement linked to
PUFA intake
31
what is VE
natural antioxidant
32
what can excess VE cause
* toxicity * affectd VK - coagulation problems
33
what happens if there is an overconsumption of calcium in large/giant breed dogs
* developmental orthopedic diseases * these dogs are very efficient at absorbing Ca * toxicity affects Ca metabolism leading to cartilage and bone malformation
34
what are peculiar feline micronutrient requirements
* VA * pyridozine (B6) * niacin
35
why do cats need VA
* they cannot convert B-carotene to retinol * don't have enzyme to convert it * VA only found in animal tissues
36
why do cats have a high dietary requirement for B6 relative to other mammals
needed for transaminase in liver
37
why do cats need Niacin
unlike most other mammals, cats cannot synthesize adequate amounts of Niacin from tryptophan to meet their requirements
38
what can copper deficiency cause in cats
* red coat disease * problem with cheap animal foods - microminerals not bioavailable
39
what are 4 common micronutrients that are deficient in chronically ill patients
* VK * thiamin * cobalamin * iron
40
what are 3 micronutrients that are deficient in chronically ill patients - that are intracellular electrolytes
* potasium * phosphorus * magnesium
41
what are the micronutrients lacking in home-prepared diets
* calcium * thiamin * iron * copper * zin * cobalamin