comparative micronutrient metabolism - farm animals

Question 1

what is VK deficiency called in farm animals

Answer 1

moldy sweet clover hay poisoning

Question 2

what does sweet clover contain

Answer 2

coumarins

Question 3

what are coumarins converted to

Answer 3

dicumarol

Question 4

what is dicumarol

Answer 4

potent VK antagonist and anticoagulant

Question 5

what are the clinical signs with VK deficiency

Answer 5

hemorrhages

Question 6

how to treat VK deficiency

Answer 6

VK injection

Question 7

what is a VB1 deficiency called in ruminants

Answer 7

polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

Question 8

what is PEM characterized by

Answer 8

neurological signs from thiamine deficiency
* due to inadequate thiamine production by rumen microbes
* bacterial thiaminase production, often young ruminants on grain

Question 9

what are the clinical signs of PEM

Answer 9

dysfunction of the cerebrum
* wandering, circling, cortical blindness, incoordination, head pressing, recumbency, opisthotonus, nystagmus, seizures
* some aniamals found dead

Question 10

what is a VB12 or cobalamin deficiency

Answer 10

• dietary cobalt used by rumen bacteria to synthesize cobalamin
• rumen microbes rely on intrinsic factor
• glycoprotein derived from dietary protein degraded in rumen
• required for cobalamin absorption in the duodenum

Question 11

describe a salt deficiency (Na or Cl)

Answer 11

• low feed intake, unthrifty, reduced productivity
• salt should be offered free choice and at 0.5% of ration

Question 12

describe potassium deficiency (hypokalemia)

Answer 12

• 95% of K is intracellular (65-75% in skeletal muscle)
• sustained reduction in feed intake > 2 days
• weakness and depression

Question 13

describe calcium deficiency in growing animals

Answer 13

• dietary calcium deficiency
• swollen joints, fractures, bone malformation

Question 14

describe calcium deficiency in lactating animals

Answer 14

• high requirement for milk production
• acute Ca loss into colostrum causing hypocalcemia

Question 15

what is the Ca:P ratio in sheep and goats

Answer 15

• 2:1 to 6:1
• ratio of less than 2:1 can result in urinary calculus formation

Question 16

describe magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia) Grass tetany

Answer 16

• acute condition from low dietary intake of Mg
• lush spring pastures high in K and N, reduce Mg in plants
• Mg absorption in rumen decreases with increasing K and N

Question 17

what are the clinical presentations og Mg defeciency

Answer 17

• grazing, then bellowing and excitement
• fall and seizure, low Mg in CSF

Question 18

how to treat Mg deficiency

Answer 18

• Mg sulfate solution
• initiate dietary Mg oxide daily

Question 19

descibe iron deficiency in piglets

Answer 19

• lack iron to maintain blood levels of hemoglobin
• injection of 200mg iron-dextran is given at 3 days of age
• effective against iron deficiency anemia

Question 20

describe selenium deficiency

Answer 20

• regions of NA
• white muscle disease, retained placenta, infertility
• integral part of blood enzyme glutathione peroxidase
• FDA approved supplementation of Se at 0.3 ppm of the diet
• supplemented as sodium selenite, Na2SeO3

Question 21

what is white muscle disease

Answer 21

• myopathy from Se deficiency
• degenerative disease of cardiac and skeletal muscle
• young, rapidly growing calves, lambs, and kids
• respiratory distress and cardiac arrhythmias
• injection of product containing Se and VE

Question 22

what are examples of antioxidants

Answer 22

selenium and Ve

Question 23

describe iodine deficiency

Answer 23

• birth of animal with goiter
• lack of thyroid hormone and the thyroid gland enlarges
• sometimes born weak or dead and may be hairless

Question 24

describe a selenium toxicity

Answer 24

• Se in regions of NA - Alkali staggers
• impaired vision, stumble, tail hair loss
• dead from respiratory failure
• difficult to tx

Question 25

describe copper toxicity

Answer 25

• sheep extremely sensitive to Cu toxicity
• stress and sudden release of Cu into the blood (acute hemolysis with hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and dead within 1-2 days)
• sheep feed has no added Cu
• supplement Mo in high Cu regions
• ration of Mo:Cu is 1:1 to 10:1