comparative micronutrient metabolism - farm animals Flashcards
what is VK deficiency called in farm animals
moldy sweet clover hay poisoning
what does sweet clover contain
coumarins
what are coumarins converted to
dicumarol
what is dicumarol
potent VK antagonist and anticoagulant
what are the clinical signs with VK deficiency
hemorrhages
how to treat VK deficiency
VK injection
what is a VB1 deficiency called in ruminants
polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
what is PEM characterized by
neurological signs from thiamine deficiency
* due to inadequate thiamine production by rumen microbes
* bacterial thiaminase production, often young ruminants on grain
what are the clinical signs of PEM
dysfunction of the cerebrum
* wandering, circling, cortical blindness, incoordination, head pressing, recumbency, opisthotonus, nystagmus, seizures
* some aniamals found dead
what is a VB12 or cobalamin deficiency
- dietary cobalt used by rumen bacteria to synthesize cobalamin
- rumen microbes rely on intrinsic factor
- glycoprotein derived from dietary protein degraded in rumen
- required for cobalamin absorption in the duodenum
describe a salt deficiency (Na or Cl)
- low feed intake, unthrifty, reduced productivity
- salt should be offered free choice and at 0.5% of ration
describe potassium deficiency (hypokalemia)
- 95% of K is intracellular (65-75% in skeletal muscle)
- sustained reduction in feed intake > 2 days
- weakness and depression
describe calcium deficiency in growing animals
- dietary calcium deficiency
- swollen joints, fractures, bone malformation
describe calcium deficiency in lactating animals
- high requirement for milk production
- acute Ca loss into colostrum causing hypocalcemia
what is the Ca:P ratio in sheep and goats
- 2:1 to 6:1
- ratio of less than 2:1 can result in urinary calculus formation
describe magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia) Grass tetany
- acute condition from low dietary intake of Mg
- lush spring pastures high in K and N, reduce Mg in plants
- Mg absorption in rumen decreases with increasing K and N
what are the clinical presentations og Mg defeciency
- grazing, then bellowing and excitement
- fall and seizure, low Mg in CSF
how to treat Mg deficiency
- Mg sulfate solution
- initiate dietary Mg oxide daily
descibe iron deficiency in piglets
- lack iron to maintain blood levels of hemoglobin
- injection of 200mg iron-dextran is given at 3 days of age
- effective against iron deficiency anemia
describe selenium deficiency
- regions of NA
- white muscle disease, retained placenta, infertility
- integral part of blood enzyme glutathione peroxidase
- FDA approved supplementation of Se at 0.3 ppm of the diet
- supplemented as sodium selenite, Na2SeO3
what is white muscle disease
- myopathy from Se deficiency
- degenerative disease of cardiac and skeletal muscle
- young, rapidly growing calves, lambs, and kids
- respiratory distress and cardiac arrhythmias
- injection of product containing Se and VE
what are examples of antioxidants
selenium and Ve
describe iodine deficiency
- birth of animal with goiter
- lack of thyroid hormone and the thyroid gland enlarges
- sometimes born weak or dead and may be hairless
describe a selenium toxicity
- Se in regions of NA - Alkali staggers
- impaired vision, stumble, tail hair loss
- dead from respiratory failure
- difficult to tx
describe copper toxicity
- sheep extremely sensitive to Cu toxicity
- stress and sudden release of Cu into the blood (acute hemolysis with hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and dead within 1-2 days)
- sheep feed has no added Cu
- supplement Mo in high Cu regions
- ration of Mo:Cu is 1:1 to 10:1
