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Repro II > Swine and Small Ruminant Therio > Flashcards

Swine and Small Ruminant Therio Flashcards

1
Q

describe smal ruminant anatomy

A
  1. cervix with 5-6 rings
  2. can’t do transcervical insemination in sheep must be surgical
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2
Q

describe small ruminant estrus cycle

A

shorter!

goats: 17d
sheep: 14d

estrus behavior: latent in absence of male, respond to male scent and behavior
-signs: reddening/swollen external genitalia, tail flagging, restless/increased ambulation, vocalization, increased urination freq, decreased milk prod and appetite

luteal phase (diestrus)
-not pregnant: PGF2a luteolysis

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3
Q

describe pregnancy recognition

A

embryo secretes IFN tau which stops oxytocin induced luteolytic pulses of PHGF2a release and

suppresses induction of prostaglandin receptors

pregnant: progesterone remains high for duration of preg
-does: CL dependent entire gestation
-ewe: CL produces P4 1st half, then placenta takes over primary production

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4
Q

describe seasonality

A

seasonal polyestrus

short day breeders; but cycle year round near equator

longer nights increases melatonin and increase cyclicity

manipulate cyclicity:
-buck/ram effect: sudden intro of male = earlier coordinated estrous cycles, usually estrus in 5-8d
-controlled lighting
-melatonin
-nutrition
-genetics

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5
Q

describe breeding

A

pasture bred, markers to track

AI with frozen semen
transvag: goats
-surgical or laparoscopic AI in sheep due to anatomy (min invasive way to use frozen, can use genetics from dead animals and overseas, small farms no have to keep males)

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6
Q

describe small rum preg

A
  1. 150 d goats, 146 d sheep
  2. maternal recog
    -12-15 d gestation via IFN tau
  3. cotyledonary placenta: placentomes are CONCAVE
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7
Q

describe preg dx

A
  1. US:
    -detect embryos, fetus, placentome
    -transrectal: 20-25d
    -right inguinal: 45-90
    -false + with hydrometra
  2. pregnancy specific protein B/BIOPRYN
    -secreted from binucleate trophoblast cells
    -after 25d gestation, 98% accurate
    -before 20d: 75% false negative
  3. urinary estrone sulfate:
    -produced by feto-placental unit
    -ELISA: use blood, milk, urine
  4. both above tests: mild correlation between concentration and fetal numbers
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8
Q

describe mismating

A

when doe/ewe too small, young, or unintended

1st: make sure male was sexually mature: preputial separation

does:
-dinoprost or cloprostenol (PGF2a) minimum 7-10days AFTER mating occurred (need mature, sensitive CL)

ewes: PGF not effective before d5, not very effective after d55
-if mismating 5-10d ago: i injection PGF2a
-if >30d: 2 injections, 14 d apart
-if >2 months: add dexamethasone
-if within 2 weeks of lambing, dexamethasone alone is sufficient

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9
Q

describe vaginal prolapse

A
  1. multiparous ewes:
    -last 3+ weeks of gestation
    -BCS <2 or >5
    -hypocalcemia or toxemia
    -short tail dock! one of the biggest risk factors!!
    -resp disease
  2. clean, replace, and retain tissue
    -epidural, then buhner stitch or harness or spoon retainer
  3. hereditary: cull affected ewes post lambing
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10
Q

describe campylobacter fetus/jejuni

A
  1. late gestation abortions
  2. spreads via oro-nasal transmission
  3. causes placental and fetal lesions
  4. ZOONOTIC
  5. use tetracyclines in feed as preventative, more common in sheep than in goats
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11
Q

describe chlamydohila abortus

A
  1. enzootic abortion of ewes; can be zoonotic for pregnant women!
  2. late gestation abortion, stillbirths, weak lambs
  3. spread by oronasal transmission
  4. placental lesions common, fetal lesions rare
    -placentitis with necrotic cotyledons and thickened intercotyledonary areas
  5. more common in GOATs than in sheep
  6. treatment: cull! ewes and does remain persistenly infected
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12
Q

describe Q fever

A
  1. caused by coxiella burnetti
    -obligate intracellular bacteria can survive in dry soil a long time
  2. endemic in some areas, often subclinical infections
    -can cause abortion storms
    -ewes frequently asymptomatic before abortion
  3. causes necrotizing placentitis
  4. animals shed bacteria in milk and in aborted materials
  5. diagnosis:
    -necropsy, IHC (no culture bc risk to lab techs), PCR
  6. ZOONOTIC!
    -often just low grade fever, but can also cause severe cardiac disease, abortion, or disease in immunocompromised adults
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13
Q

describe toxoplasma gondii

A
  1. protozoal parasite
    -oocysts excreted in cat feces
    -ingested by naive female
  2. pregnancy loss
    -early resorption or mummification
    -mid to late abortion
  3. CHARACTERISTIC PACENTAL LESIONS
    -necrosis and MINERALIZATION of cotyledons
    -pepperoni pizza
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14
Q

describe cache valley fever

A
  1. 1st detected in Utah 1956
  2. mainly affects ruminants, transmitted by mosquitoes
  3. symptoms:
    -mild fever or no signs in adults
    -effects on fetus depend on stage of gestation
    – <28d preg: embryo dies
    – 28-45 d gestation = developmental defects, sometimes abortion
    – after d 45-60, shouldn’t affect preg
  4. diagnosis:
    -clinical signs and blood samples
  5. control
    -no vx
    -mosquito control (ha ha)
    -delaying breeding season: critical point of exposure 1-2 months post breeding past mosquito season (again haha)
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15
Q

what can cause congenital deformities and abortions in small ruminants?

A

congenital deformities:
1. lupines
2. false hellbore (veratrum californicum): stumbling cyclops
3. tobacco
4. jimsonweed
5. black cherry
6. other viruses

abortions:
1. lepto
2. salmonella
3. listeria
4. selenium deficiency
5. stress

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16
Q

describe pregnancy toxemia

A
  1. abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the final stage of pregnancy
  2. risk factors:
    -2 or more fetuses
    -over or underconditioned ewes
    -poor feed quality
    -environmental stressors: weather change
    -concurrent/chronic disease: parasites!!
  3. cause hypoglycemic encephalopathy
17
Q

describe clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia

A
  1. mild: weakness, grinding teeth, mild neuro defects (stumbling, dull, depressed)
    -want to catch and intervene here!!
  2. moderate: anorexia, depression, hyperketonemia/hyperketonuria, increased resp rate
    -intervene within 24 hours or will progress quickly
  3. severe: unable to stand, head press, blindness, seizures and death
18
Q

describe pregnancy toxemia diagnosis

A
  1. URINE KETONES
  2. BLOOD KETONES (BHB)
  3. ultrasonography
  4. blood glucose and pH
19
Q

describe pregnancy toxemia treatment

A
  1. admin of energy: dextrose IV, prop glycol oral=precursor to rumen microbes)
    -supportive care: IV fluids, free choice high quality feed
    -rumen fluid transfer from healthy if possible
  2. induction of parturition or c section
    -often dystocias, retained placentas

efficacy of treatment depends on early lactation; 1/3 animals survive, also based on stage of gestation

20
Q

describe puberty in small ruminants

A
  1. 1st estrus and ovulation: 6-8 months old in FALL
    -1st ov = silent, not sexually receptive
    -pygmy goats can ov as early as 3 months
  2. 1st breeding: not until 60-70% of adult body weight
    -introduce male to synchronize puberty
21
Q

describe hydrometra in goats

A
  1. also called cloudburst; abnormal persistence of a CL
    -uterus fills with fluid, may lactate
  2. diagnosis: ultrasound: fluid but no placentomes
  3. treatment:
    -PGF2a/oxytocin
    -best to give 2 injections, 2 days apart
    -doe may be fertile, likely to recur if bred
22
Q

describe dystocia in does

A
  1. does in active labor more than 30 min no progress
  2. abrupt cessation of parturition
  3. delivery of placenta without kid/lamb
  4. most common causes: fetal postural abnormalities

see palomares lecture for more

23
Q

describe dystocia management in small ruminants

A
  1. use sleeves/gloves
    -cleanliness and lubrication are key
    -small hands = advantage
  2. gentleness!!
    -use extreme care
    -make sure you are pulling limbs/head from only one kid at a time
    -CAN rupture vagina and uterus
    -possible injury to kid
24
Q

describe the ram and buck repro anatomy

A

penis:
-fibroelastic
-sigmoid flexure (calculi tend to lodge)
-urethral process: common site for obstruction

testes:
-pendulous scrotum, vertical orientation

accessory sex glands:
-bulbourethral
-disseminated prostate
-seminal vesicles
-ampulla

25
Q

describe puberty in ram and buck

A
  1. 6-9 months old; 40-60% of body weight
    -or earlier with exposure to females
  2. decreasing day length
  3. testosterone production causes separation of urethral process and glans penis
  4. sperm appears in ejaculate
    -fertile matings by 5 months
    -good quality semen by 8 months
26
Q

describe BSE in ram and buck

A

why: ID traits with negative impact on fertility

when: before breeding season, poor preg rates, or prepurchase

history and physical exam: lameness, eyes, teeth, eval of external genitalia

scrotal circumference: >36cm
-influences sperm output in male and his offspring, age at puberty in female, and kid number in female offspring

semen eval:
-motility: >70% total
-morphology: >80% normal

testicular degeneration: evidenced by calcification on ultrasound!

27
Q

describe limitations to BSE in ram and buck

A
  1. doesn’t address libido
  2. serving capacity test:
    -place with 4-5 ewes
    -count breedings in 30 min:
    –2-3 breedings is satisfactory
    –4-6 breedings is PREFERRED
  3. satisfactory breeding capacity: satisfactory BSE + satisfactory serving capacity
28
Q

describe epididymitis in rams and bucks

A
  1. lambs: corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
    -oronasal spread
    -tx: tetracycline
  2. rams: brucella ovis
    -venereal spread
    -not treatable/curable so CULL
  3. ddx:
    -brucella mellitensis: orchitis, foreign animal disease, report!!
    -chlamydia psittaci
    -opportunsitic bacteria
    -sheep pox, goat pox, lentiviruses
29
Q

describe the sow anatomy

A
  1. very small uterine body
  2. large horns
  3. ovaries typically have numerous structures present (grape clusters)
30
Q

describe swine parturition

A

signs of impending:
-vulva may become swollen and reddened last 3-4d
-swollen and turgid mammary glands last 7-10d
-milk = parturition imminent, farrowing within 6 hrs

12-24hrs prior to onset sows become restless:
1. super increased resp rate
2. increased urination and defecation
3. lateral recumbency

farrowing:
-1-5 hrs
-50/50 split anterior and posterior presentation
-usually 15 min in between piglets
-if >15 min = stillborn piglet
-placentas may be expelled between piglets (more commonyl after last piglet)
-retained placentas are rare
-retained piglets can happen

31
Q

describe dystocia in swines

A
  1. RARE: may be increased in certain breeds/show pigs
  2. > 2 hours from onset of labor with no piglets or >1hr between piglets
  3. causes:
    -uterine inertia: primary (hormonal, nutritional, environmental) secondary (exhaustion of sow or uterus)

-fetal-pelvic disproportion:
-gilts: smaller pelvis
-small litters: large piglets

-abnormal presentation, posture, position
-simultaneous presentation of 2 piglets

-obstruction of birth canal: constipation, distended urinary bladder, hymen remnant, trauma and swelling of following vaginal manipulation
-older sows with saggy uterus falling below pelvic brim

  1. manipulation for correction
    -hella lube and gentle manip
    -NO OXYTOCIN unless rule out obstruction of birth canal first
    -if not successful: c section, euth

Repro II (28 decks)

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