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Repro II > Infectious Infertility in Cattle > Flashcards

Infectious Infertility in Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic death versus fetal death

A
  1. embryonic: before d42
    -anything affecting uterine environment can cause
  2. fetal death: after 42d
    -abortion: most common
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2
Q

define still birth

A
  1. fetus matured fully in utero but born dead
  2. full term preg, fetus died in uterus
  3. look normal, lungs do not float in water bc respiration never occurred
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3
Q

describe fetal maceration

A
  1. fetal death, no abortion, progressive bacterial digestion, fetal bones, no placentomes and less fetal fluid in uterus
  2. cows may have v ginal discharge and septicemia
  3. CL persistence and chronic endometrial damage
  4. poor prognosis: slaughter
    -or if valuable animals: PGF2a or colpotomy
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4
Q

describe fetal mummification

A
  1. fetal death, CL persistence, no clinical signs
  2. fetal membranes dry and wrinkled (resorption of placental fluids)
  3. uterus adhere to fetal shape, dry contorted mass
  4. cervix close, gestation apparently continues until dx
  5. becomes evident between 3-8 mon gestation
  6. autolysis and fluid reabsorption in sterile env, constriction of umbilical vessels, placenta congestion, no placentomes
  7. treat with 25mg PGF2a or colpotomy
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5
Q

describe infectious infertility and repro efficiency

A

range from moderate reduction on repro performance to abortion storms

  1. decreased rates of conception, preg, and calving
  2. extended postpartum intervals
  3. delayed return to estrus and service
  4. increased occurrence of abortions
  5. decreased number of weaned calves and their weights
  6. increased culling and replacement rates
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6
Q

describe BVD

A
  1. can cause embryonic death, abortion, congenital defects, stillbirths
  2. depends on biotype, genotype, and virulence, immunity, stage of preg, co-infections
  3. affects fertility:
    -fertilization failures/embryonic death
    -embryonic death, endometritis
    -oophoritis, granulosa cell necrosis, delayed follicular development
  4. infection with noncytopathic BVC before 125 days of gestation can lead to a persistently infected calf!!
    -immunotolerant and will shed virus for rest of life
    -main source of transmission!!!!
  5. can cause immunosuppression in different branches of immune system

-most infections don’t cause clinical disease on own, but will predispose animal to other infections!!
-virus can destroy lymphocytes = lymphopenia

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7
Q

describe bovineherpesvirus 1 (IBR)

A
  1. herpesvirus/alphaherpesvirinae
  2. endemic in livestock farming in america; causes critical disease after acute infection or viral reactivation
  3. BHV-1.1: resp or repro disease
    -infectious bovine rhonotracheitis; pneumonia more common in young animals
    -embryonic death: due to effects on embryo and oophoritis and necrosis of CL
    -abortion at any time, but most common >4 months
    -conjunctivits and encephalitis, pustular vulvo-vaginitis
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8
Q

describe BHV-1 infection in cattle

A
  1. latency in trigeminal ganglion
  2. stress causes reactivation and shedding
  3. infection of suscpetible animal
  4. replicate in epi cells = rhinotracheitis
  5. latency, repeat
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9
Q

desribe oophoritis by BVH1

A

viral antigen and necrosis of CL post infection causes decrease in p4 concentrations
-lesions in CL 4-9d after infection or vaccination

  1. can result in autolysis, effusion in cavities, hemoglobin staining
  2. abortion (placental damage and stillbirth) at 4-7 months of gestation
    -usually a few weeks after infection but can take up to 4 months
  3. stillbirths, weak calves, mortality of young calves
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10
Q

describe diagnosis of BHV-1 and BVD

A
  1. PCR
  2. virus isolation
  3. antigen capture ELISA
  4. serology (ELISA, SN)
  5. fetus: kidney, liver, adrenal glands, lungs
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11
Q

describe bovine respiratory disease complex

A
  1. multifactorial and polymicrobial disease
    that causes significant economic losses in global livestock farming
    -low feed conversion and yield, high treatment costs and mortality
  2. stressed calves at higher risk: young, weaned, and transported
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12
Q

describe use of vaccines to prevent viral disease

A
  1. effective to prevent abortion and infertility but not 100% effective
  2. if stress, extreme climate, poor nutrition, passive immunity can decrease efficacy
    -depending on vx route, mgmt, infectious pressure

2 types:
-attenuated/MLV: replicates in animal, rapid response, stimulates cellular immunity, high and longer lasting Abs, can reverse virulence or cause latency, some risk of contamination, can suppress the immune response, RISK OF ABORTION IN PREGNANT ANIMALS

-killed: does not replicate, need booster at 21d, limited cellular immunity, lower antibodies and short duration, safer, lower risk of contamination, does not affect immune response and NO RISK OF ABORTION

-Palomares likes a combo
-use killed during pregnancy, MLV to calves

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13
Q

describe vx protocol for heifers

A
  1. SQ MLV vx at 3 months old, 6 months, then again at 12 months and boost yearly
  2. should be vx at least twice with MLV before breeding
    -isolate from pregnant cows during and after vaccination
  3. vx at least 3-4 weeks before synchronization and breeding to provide maximum protection during 1st 4 months of pregnancy using MLV
  4. used a killed vaccine 60 days prepartum to improve quality of colostrum
  5. re-begin MLV 30d post partum
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14
Q

describe leptospira

A
  1. zoonotic!
  2. causes septicemia and nephritis in young animals
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15
Q

describe leptospira serovars and preferred environments

A
  1. high temps
  2. contaminated standing water
  3. invades intact mucosa
  4. wild and domestic animals are reservoirs

serovars: L. borpetersenii hardjo-bovis (host adapted for cattle, persistnet infections, less clinical disease and longer shedding)

interrogans, pomona, icterohaem: sporadic infections in cattle but more severe diseases

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16
Q

describe transmission of leptospira

A
  1. persists in kidneys and genital tract and ovaries
    -shed in urine and during breeding
17
Q

describe lepto consequences

A
  1. fertilization failure, impaired embryonic development, failure of implantation, infertility, repeat breeding, prolonged PCI, abortion, still birth, and weak calves
  2. serovar hardjo: sporadic abortions
    -incidental serovars: abortion storms
18
Q

describe lepto vaccination

A
  1. multivalent: hardjo-bovis, pomona, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae
  2. monovalent: hardjo bovis only
  3. controls renal colonization of hardjo-bovis for 1 year
19
Q

describe campylobacter and tritrichomonas

A
  1. C fetus venerealis: gram - extracellular motile microaerophilic bacteria
  2. T. fetus: flagellate protozoan
  3. obligate pathogens of bovine genitalia
  4. spread via venereal transmission
  5. cause infertility and sporadic abortions <5 months
  6. bulls are asymptomatic carriers
    -young bulls (<3 years) can eliminate in weeks
    -mature bulls (>4 years) become chronic
    -folds of prepuce create a microenvironment (crypts) for these organisms
20
Q

describe the effects of campylobacter and tritrichomonas

A
  1. do not affect fertilization and early embryonic development
  2. but inflammation results in embryonic and fetal death (15-80d)
  3. cervix and vagina remain infected, can be a source of infection for months
21
Q

what is the pattern seen during breeding season when a campylobacter and tritrichomonas infection is present?

A
  1. repeat breeding and delayed return to estrus (IEI 35)
  2. low pregnancy rates or early pregnancy at end of the season
    -cows clear infection in 3-6 months and then have short immunity
  3. less than 10% of cows have abortions
    -pyometra in 1% of trich cases
22
Q

describe lepto and campylobacter vaccination

A
  1. in low risk (closed herds/controlled environment): vx once a year
  2. in moderate risk (endemic regions): vx 2x per year
  3. in high risk (open herds/humid environment, high prevalence): vx 3x/year
  4. include bulls in vx protocol!
  5. booster at 4-6wks post primary vx then annual revaccination
  6. revx 1 month before mating season and around weaning
  7. vx reduces long-term infertility and abortion caused by lepto
23
Q

describe tritichomonas vaccination

A
  1. booster at 4 weeks and then annual revx
  2. revx 4 weeks before natural mating
  3. prevents subfertility caused by trich
24
Q

describe general biosecurity

A
  1. importing herd-only animals with high repro performance
    -quarantine or isolate new animals for 4 weeks
    -ID BVD< PI, lepto
    -lepto tx if necessary
  2. avoid overpopulation in very large groups:
    -dairy heifers <10 animals/group
  3. isolate sick animals and abortions
  4. prevent access to standing water
  5. disinfect boots in animal areas
  6. limit contact with wild animals (challenging)
  7. new bulls:
    -quarantine and check for trich and campy before join herd
    -repeat test at 2 weeks give 95% sensitivity
    -use Diamond’s medium, swab in pouch, culture and PCR
    -buy only virgin bulls/heifers

Repro II (28 decks)

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