BSE in the Bull Flashcards
1
Q
describe the financial losses due to unsatisfactory
A
approx $2,000/year/sub-fertile bull
2
Q
describe eval physical soundness
A
- general health status: attitude, general appearance, BCS, fecal characteristics
- physical exam: tattoo in ear, examine oral cavity
- eyes: SCC, corneal opacity (pinkeye) papilloma; need to ID cow in heat!
- MSK:
-bulls travel long distance to detect and breed cows
-watch bull walk, not just standing in a chute - conformation: no weak pasterns, post leg, sickle hocks
-no hereditary foot and leg problems: replacement heifers will propagate these problems, reduce longevity, increase management and expenses
3
Q
describe scrotal and testis exam
A
- shape and size
- symmetry:
-<25% asymmetry is normal - consistency: like a bicep
- free movement of testis: if not = adhesion
- appearance: no dermatitis, swelling, scars, edema
- scrotal neck (spermatic cord): responsible for heat exchange
-no fat, abscesses, granuloma, varioceles, tumor, hernias
4
Q
describe ddx for scrotal enlargement
A
- periorchitis (brucella!)
- testicular rupture
- testicular abscess
- hydrocele
- traumatic orchitis
- inguinal hernia
- testicular torsion
usually only when breed bull when owners know it has a problem
5
Q
describe testicular degeneration
A
- soft testicles
- confirmed by semen analysis
- disturbances of spermatogenesis
- sloughing of tubular cell layers into tubular lumen
- only sertoli cells and spermatogonia
- empty tubules lose turgidity
- testes become softer and smaller
- chronic: fishbone on ultrasound due to fibroblasts then calcification
- histopath: interstitial fibrosis, sertoli cell degeneration and atrophy, decreased number of cells in seminiferous tubules
6
Q
describe epididymis eval
A
- symmetry and consistency
- inflammation, sperm granulomas, segmental aplasia all abnormal
- may increase in size/turgidity if start of breeding season (not splooged in a long time)
7
Q
describe eval of penis and prepuce
A
- need to exteriorize penis!
-electroejaculator or just by palpation - common lesions:
-persistent frenulum
-delayed separation of prepuce
-penile deviation
-hair ring (CUT IT)
-lacerations
-warts - retropreputial abscess vs penile hematoma
-hematoma when try to breed with penis still inside body cavity, rupture of tunica albuginea, like softball or football in front of testes, can be surgically corrected if highly valuable
8
Q
describe transrectal exam
A
- accessory sex glands and inguinal rings
-prostate, vesicular glands, AMPULLA (like pencils)
-bulbourethral glands not palpable - most common pathology of ASG: vesiculitis
-low prevalence; more common in young (<2 years) or older (>9)
-enlargement, excessive firmness, loss of lobulations
-acute = very swollen so no lobulations, feels smooth
-chronic: large and hard
-due to trueperella, brucella, mycoplasma, hystophilus, ureaplasma, staph, strep
-can cause abscessation, adhesions, rarely fistulous tract, and peritonitis
-will see clumps or purulent material in semen: from WBC/neutrophils
9
Q
descrieb scrotal circumference
A
- heritable: moderate to high
- correlated with testicular weight, SPERM PRODUCTION, and semen quality
- correlated with age at puberty, 1st service, and 1st calving
-bigger testes=lower age at puberty = good - yearling bulls with small SC DONT catch up growth over time, cull
- how measure:
-testis positioned firmly into lower part of scrotum
-tape measure placed around greatest diameter
-pull snugly, measure with column - affected by breed, nutrition, body weight, and age at onset of puberty
12-15 months: at least 30cm
>24 months: >34 cm
REMEMBER THESE
10
Q
describe semen collection
A
electroejaculation:
- massage by transrectal palpation or urethra: 60 sec
-most bulls: probe with a diameter of 6.5-7.5cm
–larger, older bulls: 9cm probe - penis should be grasped with a gauze sponge
- electrical stimulation depends on bull reponse
- increase stimulus slightly in intensity
- stimuli of 2 min, discontinue for 1 min
- when fluid begins to get cloudy, sample is collected
11
Q
describe semen eval
A
- density and volume:
-using EE, sperm concentration is not valuable (not physiologic sample), use SC to predict sperm production
-using AV:
VG: creamy grainy with 750mil to 1bil/ml
G: milk like, 400-750 mil/ml
F: skim milk: 350-400
P: translucent, <250 - gross motility:
-no coverslip, drop on slide, bright field, 5-10x; check for progressive motility and speed
-VG: rapid dark swirls
-G: slower swirls and eddies
-F: no swirls but prominent individual cell motion
-P: little or no individual cell motion - individual motility:
-% of sperm linearly crossing the field
-new clean warm slides and cover slip
-1 drop of semen and 5 drops of saline
-20-40x, visualize a corner and count 10 sperm
-info about morphologic integrity
VG:>80%
G: 60-79%
F: 40-59%
P: <40%
minimum progressive motility: 30%
12
Q
describe sperm morphology
A
- eosin-nigrosin stain, 1 drop semen, 1 drop stain
2 spread slowly from one end of slide to the other
- oil immersion at 1000x, count 100 sperm
- location of abnormalities denotes origin, not severity
-head and midpiece defect: testis/spermatogenesis <20%
-tail defects: epididymis (maturation and storage)
-minimum normal morphology: 70%
13
Q
describe the BSE classification of a satisfactory potential breeder (ON EXAM!!!!!) (5)
A
does not mean bull is fertile!
- optimal physical soundness
- no physical hereditary defects
- optimal SC for age (>34 in bulls >2 years)
- > 30% progressie motility
- > 70% normal morphology
14
Q
describe an unsatisfactory potential breeder
A
- bulls who use is expected to result in poor fertility
- if recovery to normal fertility is possible, this can be stated in the appropriate document
15
Q
describe deferred bulls (5)
A
- pubertal bulls with poor semen quality
- bulls that suffered recent disturbances of spermatogenesis
-ex. dexamethasone causes negative feedback for LH - recovery expected before onset of breeding season
- bulls with low BCS, lameness, minor lesions
- retested after 60d
