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Repro II > Breeding Soundness Examination > Flashcards

Breeding Soundness Examination Flashcards

1
Q

describe the purpose and components of a breeding soundness exam

A

purpose: assess ability to establish pregnancy

via

  1. quality and quantity spermatozoa
  2. libido and mating ability
  3. physical defects or lesions
  4. venereal disease
  5. heritable defects
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2
Q

when to perform BSE?

A
  1. pre-purchase exam
  2. insurance exam
  3. pre-breeding season
  4. subfertility/infertility
  5. to predict “book size” (how many mares can breed)
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3
Q

describe stallion BSE components

A
  1. general and repro history
  2. general physical exam
    -blood testing: EIA, EVA
  3. repro physical exam
    -penile, scrotal, +/- ASG, inguinal rings
  4. culture
  5. breeding behavior/libido
  6. semen collection
  7. semen eval
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4
Q

describe canine BSE components

A
  1. general and repro history
  2. general physical exam: brucella serology
  3. repro physical exam: penile, scrotal, and prostate
  4. breeding behavior/libido
  5. semen eval
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5
Q

describe components of a GOOD history for BSE

A
  1. age and current use
  2. previous foaling (of whelping) rate, conception rate, services per contraception
    -influenced by type of breeding, semen handling, and mare handling
  3. history of illness or infectious disease?
    -previous and current meds? ask MULTIPLE times
  4. intended use
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6
Q

describe general PE for BSE

A
  1. positive/permanent ID?
  2. abnormalities that may affect ability to mate
    -MSK pain: hock, stifle, back pain
    -neurological deficits: wobblers or EPM
  3. heritable conditions:
    -cryptorchids, parrot mouth, wobblers, exostosis, HYPP, etc.
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7
Q

describe scrotal exam for BSE

A
  1. visual inspection of skin:
    -dermatitis, lacerations, insect bites, edema
  2. manual palpation: mobility (should move freely within vaginal tunic), symmetry, shape, tone
  3. ultrasound: homogenous echotexture of parenchyma, epididymis, and spermatic cord (like spleen almost)
    -longitudinal axis testes horizontal to the stallion (normally)
    -tail of epididymis toward tail of horse/caudal (normally)
    -180 degree rotation can be normal
    -testicular size: document volume or width: could increase with tumors or hydrocele
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8
Q

describe testicular size

A
  1. correlated with weight and daily sperm production
    -varies with breed, season, and age
  2. approx 16x10^6 sperm/gram; larger volume, expect larger daily output (no memorize number)
  3. width is an older measurement, volume is preferred/better
  4. predicted DSO (daily sperm output) related to volume
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9
Q

describe penile evaluation

A

looking for:
1. lacerations
2. tumors: SCC, melanoma
3. balanitis: frequent washing
4. habronemiasis
5. EHV-3

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10
Q

describe diagnostics for venereal diseases

A
  1. most stallions are asymptomatic if carrier of venereal disease or viruses
  2. use aerobic culture:
    -immediately prior to semen collection
    -normal flora: mixed growth
  3. EVA (equine viral arteritis) testing, CEM testing
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11
Q

describe equine coital exanthema (EHV-3)

A

clinical signs:
-superficial lesions on glans and shaft +/- prepuce in stallion (and on mare’s vulva)
-reluctance to breed

diagnosis: characteristic lesions, PCR (active lesions)

treatment:
-sexual rest for 2-4 weeks
-+/- topical antiviral and SSD or nitrofurazone

prevention: no vaccine, avoid exposure

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12
Q

describe equine viral arteritis

A

transmission:
-respiratory secretions, contact with fomites, in utero infection OR IN SEMEN
-ONLY stallions can become carriers!! bc virus only lives longterm in the accessory sex glands of stallions

clinical signs:
-fever, respiratory disease, vasculitis, abortion (or asymptomatic)

diagnosis
-serology: seropositive can be from prior exposure (cleared or now carrier) OR vaccination!
-if seropositive: virus isolation or PCR of semen

treatment: mares and geldings clear virus, stallions may become carriers
-get rid of testosterone to get stallions to clear! geld a stallion, or GnRH vaccine or GnRH implant then remove once clear; worries about return to fertility

prevention:
-vaccination: yearly in kentucky
-some states have mandatory screening and vaccine programs for breeding animals
-testing before live cover or shipping semen!

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13
Q

describe contagious equine metritis

A

organism: taylorella equigenitalis (gram negative, microaerophilic bacteria)

transmission: natural breeding or artificial insemination
-can survive in chilled/frozen semen
-not native to US, more of a european disease but can come here via breeding

clinical signs:
-mares: vaginitis, cervicitis, metritis
-stallions: often asymptomatic

diagnosis:
-culture: requires specific culture swabs and sites, CONTACT LAB before submission

treatment:
-disinfectant scrubs and antimicrobials: REPORTABLE DISEASE

prevention:
-strict screening of all imported horses (FAD)
-strict biosecurity with AVs and phantoms

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14
Q

how do you culture during BSE?

A
  1. take from urethral fossa, penile surface, and urethra pre and post ejaculation
  2. transport media: Amie’s media
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15
Q

describe culture interpretation during BSE

A

acceptable/okay:
-mixed growth of:
-proteus
-staphylococcus
-aerobacter
-E.coli
-streptococcus

bad:
-pseudomonas aeruginosa
-klebsiella streptococcus
-B hemolytic streptococcu
-heavy growth of any one organism

VERY BAD: taylorella equigenitalis

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16
Q

describe semen collection

A
  1. artificial vagina: phantom, mare, or ground collection
    -AVs: colorado, missouri (most common), brazilian
  2. chemically induced ejaculation

NEVER electroejaculate like cattle

  1. avoid nose to tail contact between horses
    -want gloves and disposable cup
    -want helmets and a good halter
17
Q

describe ejaculatory fractions of stallions

A
  1. first: pre-sperm
    -origin: bulbourethral glands
    -colors: watery
    -function: cleans urethra
  2. second: sperm rich
    -origin: epididymis, ampulla, prostate
    -color: milky, contains most spermatozoa
    -high in alkaline phosphatase
  3. third: gel
    -origin: vesicular glands
    -color: clear gel, washes out remaining sperm
18
Q

describe why measure alkaline phosphatase

A

when you have a lack of ejaculation

if no ejaculate but high alk phos: you got fluid from testes but testes are not producing sperm = worst prognosis

if no ejaculate but low alk phos: not getting fluid from testes for some reason; could be
-blocked ampulla
-treatment: rectal massage, oxytocin, NSAID, frequent semen collection

if no work and still difficult collection:
-change tease mares
-pharmacologic aids: diazepam, oxytocin, imipramine (TCA that lowers ejaculatory threshlold), or NSAID (phenylbutazone, most common pharm aid)
-check timing: early in breeding season? still under influence of long acting testosterone or other homrones?

19
Q

describe semen evaluation

A
  1. designed to differentiate satisfactory breeders from unsatisfactory breeders
  2. evaluate gel-free portion:
    -volume
    -gross eval
    -microscopic eval: motility, morphology, concentration
  3. calculate total sperm number

4 tells you about the LAST 70 DAYS in the stallion’s life
-spermatogenesis is 55-57d, epididymal transport is 9 days

20
Q

describe gross sperm eval

A
  1. color: white/red/brown/green
  2. aspect: watery, cloudy, milky, creamy
  3. volume:
    -affetced by season, teasing, number of mounts
    -mean is 44mls (can be 15-200ml)
21
Q

describe motliity

A
  1. place on drop on a warm slide!
  2. positive correlation with freezing ability and fertility
  3. indirectly eval membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, integrity of flagellum
  4. want >70% progressive motility (PM)
    -correlated with fertility
    -total motile sperm might be more important tho
22
Q

describe sperm longevity

A
  1. should live >24hrs in mare’s repro tract
  2. can eval hourly until motility <10%
    -if survive <6hrs = NOT GOOD
  3. extend to 25-50 x 10^6 sperm/ml and cool
  4. estimates ability to survive in repro tract and need for ovulation timing
23
Q

how to measure sperm concentration?

A
  1. hemocytometer: gold standard
  2. densimeter
  3. CASA: less accurate
  4. nucleocounter
24
Q

describe sperm morphology

A
  1. use eosin nigrosin or DIC stain
  2. look with oil immersion (100x) phase contrast of formalin fixed cells
  3. want >60% normal morphology
    -note types of abnormalities
  4. ALWAYS check this!!
  5. effects on fertility:
    -known negative effect: knobbed acrosomes, nuclear vacuoles, detached heads, distal midpiece reflex, dag defect, proximal droplets

-unknown effect: pyriform heads, coiled principle piece

-likely no effect: bent principle piece, distal droplets, abaxial tails

25
Q

describe sperm cytology

A
  1. eosin and nigrosin stain, phase contrast
  2. diff quick: evaluate inflammatory cells and round spermatogenic cells
26
Q

describe total sperm numbers

A
  1. total sperm = ejaculate volume x concentration
  2. total normal motile sperm:
    -ejaculate volume x concentration x % motile sperm x % normal sperm
  3. use to calculate:
    -number of mares bred/ejaculate (500 million PMNS)
    -daily sperm output (DSO)
    -efficiency of sperm production
27
Q

describe what makes a satisfactory breeder (stallion)

A
  1. normal libido and gait
  2. 2 scrotal testes
  3. no scrotal/penile lesions
  4. total scrotal width >8cm
  5. normal bacterial culture
  6. no heritable defects
  7. 75% pregnancy rate with 2 or fewer estrous cycles

FERTILITY ASSUMED FOR TIME OF EXAM ONLY

28
Q

describe what makes an unsatisfactory breeder

A

not a pass/fail!!

  1. satisfactory, unsatisfactory, or questionable/deferred
  2. deferred? wait at least 60d to re-eval
  3. unsatisfactory:
    -cryptorchid
    -congenital defect
    -end stage testicular degeneration
29
Q

describe canine BSE

A
  1. visual
  2. palpation:
    -scrotal edema, dermatitis, insect bites, or scars
    -two testes, descended by 6 months
    -testes freely moveable, non-painful
    -epididymis
  3. ultrasound: echogenicity, size
30
Q

describe penile evaluation of dogs

A
  1. musculocavernosus: bulbus glandis = expansion of corpus spongiousum
  2. examine for normal anatomy
    -hypoplastic
    -hypospadias
  3. free of lesions: TVT, vesicular lesions
  4. free of discharge
31
Q

describe canine prostatic evaluation

A

the ONLY accessory sex gland in the dog

  1. bilobed, symmetric, non-painful, at brim of pelvis = normal
  2. digital rectal palpation:
    -only evaluates caudal aspect of gland
    -low sensitivity
    -subclinical disease 75% dog
  3. ultrasound
32
Q

describe scrotal width in dogs

A

varies by weight, see chart for life

33
Q

describe semen collection/fractions in the dog

A

1st fraction/pre-sperm: 0.5- >3ml; clear, no sperm

2nd fraction/sperm rich: 0.5-2ml, cloudy/white

3rd/prostatic: 0.5-80ml, clear, few sperm
-lots prostatic fluid to push cranial to cervix; more not rly better for collection just more prostatic fluid which could actually kill sperm

method:
-manual stimulation
-teaser bitch or estrus swabs helps
-apply sterile lube post collection to prevent inversion of prepuce or irritation

determine if complete collection:
-test alk phos
if complete, will be >10,000units/liter

34
Q

describe canine semen eval

A

just like stallion, but

pH should be 6.2-7.0
if basic, could indicate urine contamination

35
Q

describe canine semen quality

A

generally much better than LA in terms of motility and morphology

color and aspect: white and cloudy
volume: 1-80mL
concentration: 4-400x10^6/mL

progressive motility: want at least 70%

morphologically normal: want at least 80%

total sperm per mL: at least 300x10^6

36
Q

what do if dog is failing to ejaculate as measured by alkphos?

A

to improve chances of complete collection

-provide a female in estrus
-give dinoprost/PFG2a before collection to increase total sperm and decrease ejaculatory threshold
-give hCG or GnRH before collection
-have patience
-use quiet areas that don’t feel like exam rooms

37
Q

what determines a satisfactory canine breeder?

A
  1. normal libido and gait
  2. 2 scrotal testes
  3. no scrotal, penile, or prostatic abnormalities
  4. brucella canis negative
  5. > 70% progressively motile sperm
  6. > 80% morphologically normal sperm
  7. > 300 million total sperm (breed dependent
  8. > 10 million sperm/lb body weight

Repro II (28 decks)

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