Feline Theriogenology Flashcards
1
Q
describe feline repro physiology
A
- seasonal polyestrous
- long day breeders
>14 hr of light/day - induced ovulators
- seasonal anestrus
2
Q
describe feline puberty
A
- 4-12 months of age (average 6 months)
- when body weight (>80% of adult weight)
- time of year that kitten was born
-born in spring, puberty at next breeding season (might skip/delay if not right season or amount of daylight)
3
Q
describe seasonal anestrus
A
- 30-90d
- ovarian inactivity
- october-january
- 50% cats cycle year round (short haired)
- 14 hours on, 10 hours off of light can give year round cyclicity
4
Q
describe the estrous cycle of the queen
A
- proestrus: 0-2d
- estrus: 5-7 days, then
a. not bred so no ovulation: enter inter-estrus: 8-10 d then back to estrus
b. is ovulation occurs without fertilization, enter pseudopregnancy/diestrus for 40-45d then back to estrus
c. bred and ovulation and fertilization, then pregnant/diestrus: 63-65d then proestrus 7-10d later (post partum)
- can go into lactational anestrus for 2-3 weeks
-if very small litter or born during winter
-if not, go right back to proestrus in 10d post partum
5
Q
describe proestrus
A
- 0-2 days
- E2 is high, usually unobserved with vague behavioral signs (head and neck rubbing)
- will NOT allow mating
- vaginal cytology:
-<50% cornified cells, prdominance of intermediate cells
6
Q
describe estrus
A
- 2-19d (avg 5-7d)
- peak E2 secretion
- sexual receptivity/mating behavior:
-mounting
-ejaculation
-coital cry
-after-reaction: 1-17min
-refractory phase: <5hr - vaginal cornification: >40%
7
Q
describe breeding management for natural mating
A
- queen should be taken to tom’s location and exposed when showing heat signs:
-vocalization
-rubbing on surfaces
-rolling
-vaginal cytology - daily contact for 5-10 min
-her to him for 3days all day or 2 hours daily
8
Q
describe interestrus
A
- 8-10d
- E2 decreases
- after NO ovulation
- vaginal cytology: <50% cornified epithelial cells and will contain mainly parabasal and intermediate cells
9
Q
describe ovulation
A
induced ovulators!
- vaginal stimulation by penile spines transmitted up afferent nervous pathway to hypothalamus
- hypothalamus releases GnRH which tells anterior pituitary to produce LH surge
-amplitude of LH is correlated with number of copulations - LH surge acts on ovary, ovulation within 24-48 hours
10
Q
describe diestrus/pseudopregnancy
A
- pseduopreg approx 40 days: ovulation with no fertilization
- vaginal cytology: predominance of intermediate and parabsal cells
11
Q
describe diestrus/pregnancy
A
- ovulation and fertilization
- gestation length: 65-67d (range 62-71d from 1st breeding)
- return to estrus after queening usually in 7-10 days OR lactational anestrus (2-3 weeks)
- endocrine:
-progesterone, relaxin, prolactin like dog
-progesterone decline around 435 if pseudopreg or after parturition if preg
-relaxin begin increase d20, peak between 30-35 then decline after parturition
-prolactin steady rise throughout
12
Q
describe embryonic and fetal development in cats
A
- fecundation in oviduct
- morulae travel to uterus 4-5d after ovulation
- free floating embryos migrate through both uterine horns and develop until d10-12 (implantation)
- embryos sustained by uterine milk
5, choriovitelline placenta until d20
6. zonary placenta after d20
-placental fissure (reduction in thickness between marginal hematomas)
-endothelialchorial placenta
13
Q
describe pregnancy diagnosis
A
- abdominal palpation
-vesicles 21-35d
-economical, no equipment needed
-inaccurate! if not experienced
-iatrogenic fetal death possible
-cats show a linear increase in body weight starting 14 days after mating - hormonal assays:
-P4: after 45d of preg (end of pseudopreg)
-relaxin: from d20, urine 21-28d of preg - abdominal US:
-early diagnosis: 25-30d after mating
-vesicles: 16-20d
-FHB: 25-30d
-assess fetal stress and gestational age
-not accurate for kitten count tho - radiographs:
-once fetal mineralization (>38d)
-assess gestational age and fetal count!
14
Q
describe feline parturition
A
stage 1: cervical dilation!
-signs: isolation, panting, pacing, purring, semi-squatting position during contractions
stage 2 and 3: expulsion of kittens and placentas
-variable order and duration
-avg 16 hours (4-12hr range)
-anterior and posterior presentation normal
15
Q
describe dystocia in queens
A
- 5% incidence (rare!)
- > 4 hours without 1st kitten once phase 1 started and actively pushing
- > 2 hours between kittens
- partial expulsion of a fetus
- primary uterine inertia most common
- treat via:
-medical (oxytocin)
-surgical (C-section)
16
Q
describe feline contraception hormones
A
- progestagens:
-megasterol acetate: PO SID x5d, then once weekly
-medroxyprogesterone acetate: IV QID every 6-12 months
-side effects: pyometra, mammary hyperplasia/neoplasia, diabetes mellitus
-not FDA approved - androgens:
-mibelorone: PO SID longterm
side effects: clitoral hypertrophy, thick cervical skin, urine spraying
-not FDA approved - induction of ovulation:
-during estrus: mechanical stimulation of vagina or pharmacologic (hCG or GnRH) to trigger pseudopreg for 4-50d, risk of pyometra after repeated stimulations
17
Q
describe termination of pregnancy
A
- surgical management:
-can be performed at any time during gestation
-late gestation: kittens may be viable and require euthanasia after removal from fetus - medical management:
-P4 withdrawal
-P4 agonists
18
Q
describe P4 withdrawal for termination of pregnancy
A
prostaglandins!
- 28d after breeding (drop in P4 concentrations within 24 hours after start of treatment)
- luteolytic properties and smooth muscle contractions, abortion 1-6d from 1st injection
-PGF2a (dinoprost)
-PGF2a analog (cloprostenol)
-every 12 hours over 5-10 days until complete abortion
-severe side effects! 1-3 hours after injection - uterine contractions and cervical dilation:
-prostaglandin E (misoprostol)
-contraindication: compromised respiiratory function - carbergoline: 28-42d after breeding (drop in P4 within 3-4d after start)
-dopamine agonist (prolactin antagonist)
-abortion 4-6d after start
-combined with PG has fewer side effects due to dose reduction of both!
19
Q
describe P4 antagonists for termination of pregnancy
A
- aglepristone: binds to P4 receptor with 9x the affinity
- more effective the sooner you use it after mating
20
Q
describe ovarian remnant syndrome
A
- signs: recurrent estrus after OHE
- dx:
-signs of estrus
-E2 >20pg/ml
-vaginal cytology with >40% cornified cells
-P4 >2ng/ml after hCG or GnRH to induce ovulation - tx: surgical removal
2-3 weeks after induction of ovulation
21
Q
describe mammary hyperplasia
A
- normal anatomy:
-4-5 pairs
-bilaterally symmetrical from cranial thorax to caudal abdomen - fibro-adenomatous mammary hyperplasia or mammary hypertrophy
-BENIGN fibroglandular proliferation
-P4 mediated
-common in young queens <2 years - signs:
-rapid diffuse enlargement of all glands
-secondary mastitis or ulceration
-exaggerated response to progestin compounds! megasterol acetate or methyprogesterone acetate (tig ole bitties after give) - dx:
-history, PE
-biopsy - treatment:
-spontaneous regression after decline in P4
-cessation of exogenous progestins
-surgery (OHE or mastectomy) - ddx:
-neoplasia, but is more common in older queens, only affects a few glands, is a localize mass, and chronic
22
Q
describe cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex
A
- risk factors:
-repeated spontaneous ovulation
-admin of contraceptive drugs (exogenous megasterol acetate or medroxy-progesterone acetate) - pathogenesis: glands, secretions, etc. = great env for bacteria growth
- dx:
-clinical signs
-US
-CBC
-vaginal cytology/culture - tx:
-surgical: OHE
-medical: antibiotics, PGF2a, carbergoline
23
Q
describe the tom repro anatomy
A
- penis:
-directed caudally and point forward when erected
-os penis: age related, older = more ossified, may not see in xrays in babies (diff from dogs)
-penile spines!! regress when neutered - accessory sex glands:
-prostate
-bulbourethral gland
