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Repro II > Feline Theriogenology > Flashcards

Feline Theriogenology Flashcards

1
Q

describe feline repro physiology

A
  1. seasonal polyestrous
  2. long day breeders
    >14 hr of light/day
  3. induced ovulators
  4. seasonal anestrus
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2
Q

describe feline puberty

A
  1. 4-12 months of age (average 6 months)
  2. when body weight (>80% of adult weight)
  3. time of year that kitten was born
    -born in spring, puberty at next breeding season (might skip/delay if not right season or amount of daylight)
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3
Q

describe seasonal anestrus

A
  1. 30-90d
  2. ovarian inactivity
  3. october-january
  4. 50% cats cycle year round (short haired)
  5. 14 hours on, 10 hours off of light can give year round cyclicity
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4
Q

describe the estrous cycle of the queen

A
  1. proestrus: 0-2d
  2. estrus: 5-7 days, then
    a. not bred so no ovulation: enter inter-estrus: 8-10 d then back to estrus

b. is ovulation occurs without fertilization, enter pseudopregnancy/diestrus for 40-45d then back to estrus

c. bred and ovulation and fertilization, then pregnant/diestrus: 63-65d then proestrus 7-10d later (post partum)

  1. can go into lactational anestrus for 2-3 weeks
    -if very small litter or born during winter
    -if not, go right back to proestrus in 10d post partum
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5
Q

describe proestrus

A
  1. 0-2 days
  2. E2 is high, usually unobserved with vague behavioral signs (head and neck rubbing)
  3. will NOT allow mating
  4. vaginal cytology:
    -<50% cornified cells, prdominance of intermediate cells
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6
Q

describe estrus

A
  1. 2-19d (avg 5-7d)
  2. peak E2 secretion
  3. sexual receptivity/mating behavior:
    -mounting
    -ejaculation
    -coital cry
    -after-reaction: 1-17min
    -refractory phase: <5hr
  4. vaginal cornification: >40%
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7
Q

describe breeding management for natural mating

A
  1. queen should be taken to tom’s location and exposed when showing heat signs:
    -vocalization
    -rubbing on surfaces
    -rolling
    -vaginal cytology
  2. daily contact for 5-10 min
    -her to him for 3days all day or 2 hours daily
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8
Q

describe interestrus

A
  1. 8-10d
  2. E2 decreases
  3. after NO ovulation
  4. vaginal cytology: <50% cornified epithelial cells and will contain mainly parabasal and intermediate cells
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9
Q

describe ovulation

A

induced ovulators!

  1. vaginal stimulation by penile spines transmitted up afferent nervous pathway to hypothalamus
  2. hypothalamus releases GnRH which tells anterior pituitary to produce LH surge
    -amplitude of LH is correlated with number of copulations
  3. LH surge acts on ovary, ovulation within 24-48 hours
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10
Q

describe diestrus/pseudopregnancy

A
  1. pseduopreg approx 40 days: ovulation with no fertilization
  2. vaginal cytology: predominance of intermediate and parabsal cells
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11
Q

describe diestrus/pregnancy

A
  1. ovulation and fertilization
  2. gestation length: 65-67d (range 62-71d from 1st breeding)
  3. return to estrus after queening usually in 7-10 days OR lactational anestrus (2-3 weeks)
  4. endocrine:
    -progesterone, relaxin, prolactin like dog
    -progesterone decline around 435 if pseudopreg or after parturition if preg
    -relaxin begin increase d20, peak between 30-35 then decline after parturition
    -prolactin steady rise throughout
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12
Q

describe embryonic and fetal development in cats

A
  1. fecundation in oviduct
  2. morulae travel to uterus 4-5d after ovulation
  3. free floating embryos migrate through both uterine horns and develop until d10-12 (implantation)
  4. embryos sustained by uterine milk

5, choriovitelline placenta until d20
6. zonary placenta after d20
-placental fissure (reduction in thickness between marginal hematomas)
-endothelialchorial placenta

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13
Q

describe pregnancy diagnosis

A
  1. abdominal palpation
    -vesicles 21-35d
    -economical, no equipment needed
    -inaccurate! if not experienced
    -iatrogenic fetal death possible
    -cats show a linear increase in body weight starting 14 days after mating
  2. hormonal assays:
    -P4: after 45d of preg (end of pseudopreg)
    -relaxin: from d20, urine 21-28d of preg
  3. abdominal US:
    -early diagnosis: 25-30d after mating
    -vesicles: 16-20d
    -FHB: 25-30d
    -assess fetal stress and gestational age
    -not accurate for kitten count tho
  4. radiographs:
    -once fetal mineralization (>38d)
    -assess gestational age and fetal count!
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14
Q

describe feline parturition

A

stage 1: cervical dilation!
-signs: isolation, panting, pacing, purring, semi-squatting position during contractions

stage 2 and 3: expulsion of kittens and placentas
-variable order and duration
-avg 16 hours (4-12hr range)
-anterior and posterior presentation normal

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15
Q

describe dystocia in queens

A
  1. 5% incidence (rare!)
  2. > 4 hours without 1st kitten once phase 1 started and actively pushing
  3. > 2 hours between kittens
  4. partial expulsion of a fetus
  5. primary uterine inertia most common
  6. treat via:
    -medical (oxytocin)
    -surgical (C-section)
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16
Q

describe feline contraception hormones

A
  1. progestagens:
    -megasterol acetate: PO SID x5d, then once weekly
    -medroxyprogesterone acetate: IV QID every 6-12 months
    -side effects: pyometra, mammary hyperplasia/neoplasia, diabetes mellitus
    -not FDA approved
  2. androgens:
    -mibelorone: PO SID longterm
    side effects: clitoral hypertrophy, thick cervical skin, urine spraying
    -not FDA approved
  3. induction of ovulation:
    -during estrus: mechanical stimulation of vagina or pharmacologic (hCG or GnRH) to trigger pseudopreg for 4-50d, risk of pyometra after repeated stimulations
17
Q

describe termination of pregnancy

A
  1. surgical management:
    -can be performed at any time during gestation
    -late gestation: kittens may be viable and require euthanasia after removal from fetus
  2. medical management:
    -P4 withdrawal
    -P4 agonists
18
Q

describe P4 withdrawal for termination of pregnancy

A

prostaglandins!

  1. 28d after breeding (drop in P4 concentrations within 24 hours after start of treatment)
  2. luteolytic properties and smooth muscle contractions, abortion 1-6d from 1st injection
    -PGF2a (dinoprost)
    -PGF2a analog (cloprostenol)
    -every 12 hours over 5-10 days until complete abortion
    -severe side effects! 1-3 hours after injection
  3. uterine contractions and cervical dilation:
    -prostaglandin E (misoprostol)
    -contraindication: compromised respiiratory function
  4. carbergoline: 28-42d after breeding (drop in P4 within 3-4d after start)
    -dopamine agonist (prolactin antagonist)
    -abortion 4-6d after start
    -combined with PG has fewer side effects due to dose reduction of both!
19
Q

describe P4 antagonists for termination of pregnancy

A
  1. aglepristone: binds to P4 receptor with 9x the affinity
  2. more effective the sooner you use it after mating
20
Q

describe ovarian remnant syndrome

A
  1. signs: recurrent estrus after OHE
  2. dx:
    -signs of estrus
    -E2 >20pg/ml
    -vaginal cytology with >40% cornified cells
    -P4 >2ng/ml after hCG or GnRH to induce ovulation
  3. tx: surgical removal
    2-3 weeks after induction of ovulation
21
Q

describe mammary hyperplasia

A
  1. normal anatomy:
    -4-5 pairs
    -bilaterally symmetrical from cranial thorax to caudal abdomen
  2. fibro-adenomatous mammary hyperplasia or mammary hypertrophy
    -BENIGN fibroglandular proliferation
    -P4 mediated
    -common in young queens <2 years
  3. signs:
    -rapid diffuse enlargement of all glands
    -secondary mastitis or ulceration
    -exaggerated response to progestin compounds! megasterol acetate or methyprogesterone acetate (tig ole bitties after give)
  4. dx:
    -history, PE
    -biopsy
  5. treatment:
    -spontaneous regression after decline in P4
    -cessation of exogenous progestins
    -surgery (OHE or mastectomy)
  6. ddx:
    -neoplasia, but is more common in older queens, only affects a few glands, is a localize mass, and chronic
22
Q

describe cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex

A
  1. risk factors:
    -repeated spontaneous ovulation
    -admin of contraceptive drugs (exogenous megasterol acetate or medroxy-progesterone acetate)
  2. pathogenesis: glands, secretions, etc. = great env for bacteria growth
  3. dx:
    -clinical signs
    -US
    -CBC
    -vaginal cytology/culture
  4. tx:
    -surgical: OHE
    -medical: antibiotics, PGF2a, carbergoline
23
Q

describe the tom repro anatomy

A
  1. penis:
    -directed caudally and point forward when erected
    -os penis: age related, older = more ossified, may not see in xrays in babies (diff from dogs)
    -penile spines!! regress when neutered
  2. accessory sex glands:
    -prostate
    -bulbourethral gland

Repro II (28 decks)

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