Swine Flashcards
what is a teaser boar
a boar used for detecting heat, usually have hjad a vasectomy or epididectomy
what are the non productive days?
days where the sow is not pregnant or lactating
difference between abortion and stillborn?
abortion: after day 35 before day 109 fetus is expulsed
stillborn: fully matured born dead and lung do not float in water
what is special about the epididymis of the boar
the tail is dorsal
how long is the estrous cycle for pigs? what 2 main phases are there?
21 days
follicular: follicles develop, FSH and LH
luteal: CL development, progesterone, sensitive to PGF after 12 days
what are the steps leading to ovulation?
LH surge, follicle wall weakens, follicle produces more progesterone, egg expelled
proper way to do boar exposure?
start at 21-24 weeks of age, direct daily exposure, 30s/gilt/day
boars need to be 12 months old and must collect semen or mate once a week
what is “heat no service”
do not breed at first heat. leads to increased litter size and farrowing rate, but the gilt is older at first breeding and can cost more
end goal is 95% of gilts bred on 2nd heat
estrus lasts _____ in female pigs and has 3 phases which are:
36-96 hours
estrus begins: red and swollen vulva, restlness, small amounts of urine, smelling for boar
standing to boar: red vulva with watery mucus, does not stand to handler
standing to back pressure test: stands to handler and boar, vulva less red, mucus thicker and more lubricating
proper way to store pig semen
in the fridge: rotated twice daily, 16-18 degrees
why use fresh semen?
increased sperm viability and motility and decreased bacterial count
true or false: most sows are mated multiple times
true, 95% are mated at least twice
what is the “breeding” goal
breed within 15 minutes of standing heat, and if not, wait 2 hrs refractory period
how long can pig sperm and egg survive for?
egg: 8 hours
sperm: 24 hours
how long is pig gestation?
114-117 days
embyros produce estrogen signal by day 12 in order to…
redirect the PGF2 so the CL is maintained and progesterone levels are maintained
what is “regular returns”?
the pigs that didn’t get pregnant/maintain a pregnancy caused by: insemination failure, emyro loss, estrogenic mycotixins, poor timing of insemination, ovarian/uterine dysfunction, etc
early regular return is _____ and means what?
late regular reutrn is ____ and means what?
early return is 18-21 days and indicated complete failure of fertilization
late return is 21-24 days and indicates successful fertilization but unsuccessful implantation
why do we want to find the returns to estrus between days 18-25?
to minimize non preductive days and get them preggy
what is “irregular returns”?
this is >24 days and is due to: death of embyro, disease, abortions, poor nutrition
pros and cons of using oxytocin?
induces contractions, can give peri vulvar injection
over use prevents milk let down
proper way to use oxytocin for inducing birth in pigs?
wait until more than half the litter has been born, and use max 2-3 doses, or use after there’s been no piglet for 40 minutes
piglets should be born within _____ of eachother
15-20 minutes
which insemination route has the most sperm
natural 60 billion, cervical 3 billion, post cervical 1.5 billion
______ is the dominant strain of porcine circovirus globally, and ____ is a new porcine circovirus emerging globally as we speak
PCV2
PCV3
clinical signs of PCV2?
fever, lethargy, anorexia, abortions, stillborns, mummifications, weak piglets, poor conception or farrowing rate, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
what is the result of:
- infected semen with PCV2
- early gestation infection with PCV2
- late gestation infection with PCV2
semen infected: conception can occur but mummification then happens with myocardial lesions
early gestation: myocarditis lesions, fetal death due to heart failure, mummifcation
late gestation: viremia, stillborn, weak or live born
how to diagnose PCV2?
prevention?
PCR from serum (pre suckle) or heart samples
IHC: LNs, kidney, heart, tonsil
prevention: vaccinate gilts, sows every parity, and piglets at weaninf
what is PRRS and what are the clinical signs?
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
late term abortions, premature farrowings, weak born piglets, resp signs like pneumonia
a farmer calls you up because they are concerned about PRRS in their herd of pigs. They ask how to test for it and you say…
PCR: serum or infected tissue
IHC: fixed tissue
ELISA or IFA: serum
how will you concil the farmer to prevent PRRS in the pig herd?
biosecurity: spread from neighbors, transport of pigs in infected equipment, insects
vaccination ONLY once infection is present, vaccinate all incoming animals
main cause of leptospirosis?
wild animals and poor sanitation
you go see a sow that is off feed, has a mild fever, and aborted piglets recently. another sow on the farm gave birth to piglets that are jaundiced and have red urine. ?????
leptospira
when doing a necropsy of a pig you find petechiae in the lungs, focal liver necrosis, and meningoencephalitis
leptospira
how to diganose leptospira?
serologic testing: microscopic agglutination test, titres
culture
IHC
how to prevent lepto
vaccinate and use antibiotics in semen extenders
diamond back disease is _____
erysipelas
clinical signs of erysipelas
diamon shaped skin lesions, depression, high fever, lameness, endocarditis, abortions, mummifcation, delayed returns to estrus
how to treat and prevent erysipelas
penicillin
vaccination: vaccinate babies at 8wks or older, and prior to breeding
the product PG600 is used for…
induction of estrus in gilts, or in weaned sows at weaning to shorten days to return to estrus
do not give before day 12
induces estrus 4-6 days later
what drug is used to synchronize cycles in pigs?
altrenogest: a progestin that suppresses estrogen to make the pig return to estrus, will return to estrus 5-7 days after
what is cloprostenol used for?
induction of farrowing, given 1-2 days before farrowing date, can allow for increased supervision during farrowing to decrease piglet mortality
most common way to detect pregnancy in pigs?
ultrasound: doppler, amplitude depth, real time
at weeks 4 and 8
