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VETM 541 > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

what is a teaser boar

A

a boar used for detecting heat, usually have hjad a vasectomy or epididectomy

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2
Q

what are the non productive days?

A

days where the sow is not pregnant or lactating

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3
Q

difference between abortion and stillborn?

A

abortion: after day 35 before day 109 fetus is expulsed

stillborn: fully matured born dead and lung do not float in water

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4
Q

what is special about the epididymis of the boar

A

the tail is dorsal

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5
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for pigs? what 2 main phases are there?

A

21 days

follicular: follicles develop, FSH and LH
luteal: CL development, progesterone, sensitive to PGF after 12 days

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6
Q

what are the steps leading to ovulation?

A

LH surge, follicle wall weakens, follicle produces more progesterone, egg expelled

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7
Q

proper way to do boar exposure?

A

start at 21-24 weeks of age, direct daily exposure, 30s/gilt/day

boars need to be 12 months old and must collect semen or mate once a week

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8
Q

what is “heat no service”

A

do not breed at first heat. leads to increased litter size and farrowing rate, but the gilt is older at first breeding and can cost more

end goal is 95% of gilts bred on 2nd heat

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9
Q

estrus lasts _____ in female pigs and has 3 phases which are:

A

36-96 hours

estrus begins: red and swollen vulva, restlness, small amounts of urine, smelling for boar

standing to boar: red vulva with watery mucus, does not stand to handler

standing to back pressure test: stands to handler and boar, vulva less red, mucus thicker and more lubricating

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10
Q

proper way to store pig semen

A

in the fridge: rotated twice daily, 16-18 degrees

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11
Q

why use fresh semen?

A

increased sperm viability and motility and decreased bacterial count

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12
Q

true or false: most sows are mated multiple times

A

true, 95% are mated at least twice

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13
Q

what is the “breeding” goal

A

breed within 15 minutes of standing heat, and if not, wait 2 hrs refractory period

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14
Q

how long can pig sperm and egg survive for?

A

egg: 8 hours
sperm: 24 hours

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15
Q

how long is pig gestation?

A

114-117 days

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16
Q

embyros produce estrogen signal by day 12 in order to…

A

redirect the PGF2 so the CL is maintained and progesterone levels are maintained

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17
Q

what is “regular returns”?

A

the pigs that didn’t get pregnant/maintain a pregnancy caused by: insemination failure, emyro loss, estrogenic mycotixins, poor timing of insemination, ovarian/uterine dysfunction, etc

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18
Q

early regular return is _____ and means what?
late regular reutrn is ____ and means what?

A

early return is 18-21 days and indicated complete failure of fertilization

late return is 21-24 days and indicates successful fertilization but unsuccessful implantation

19
Q

why do we want to find the returns to estrus between days 18-25?

A

to minimize non preductive days and get them preggy

20
Q

what is “irregular returns”?

A

this is >24 days and is due to: death of embyro, disease, abortions, poor nutrition

21
Q

pros and cons of using oxytocin?

A

induces contractions, can give peri vulvar injection

over use prevents milk let down

22
Q

proper way to use oxytocin for inducing birth in pigs?

A

wait until more than half the litter has been born, and use max 2-3 doses, or use after there’s been no piglet for 40 minutes

23
Q

piglets should be born within _____ of eachother

A

15-20 minutes

24
Q

which insemination route has the most sperm

A

natural 60 billion, cervical 3 billion, post cervical 1.5 billion

25
Q

______ is the dominant strain of porcine circovirus globally, and ____ is a new porcine circovirus emerging globally as we speak

A

PCV2

PCV3

26
Q

clinical signs of PCV2?

A

fever, lethargy, anorexia, abortions, stillborns, mummifications, weak piglets, poor conception or farrowing rate, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

27
Q

what is the result of:
- infected semen with PCV2
- early gestation infection with PCV2
- late gestation infection with PCV2

A

semen infected: conception can occur but mummification then happens with myocardial lesions

early gestation: myocarditis lesions, fetal death due to heart failure, mummifcation

late gestation: viremia, stillborn, weak or live born

28
Q

how to diagnose PCV2?

prevention?

A

PCR from serum (pre suckle) or heart samples

IHC: LNs, kidney, heart, tonsil

prevention: vaccinate gilts, sows every parity, and piglets at weaninf

29
Q

what is PRRS and what are the clinical signs?

A

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

late term abortions, premature farrowings, weak born piglets, resp signs like pneumonia

30
Q

a farmer calls you up because they are concerned about PRRS in their herd of pigs. They ask how to test for it and you say…

A

PCR: serum or infected tissue
IHC: fixed tissue
ELISA or IFA: serum

31
Q

how will you concil the farmer to prevent PRRS in the pig herd?

A

biosecurity: spread from neighbors, transport of pigs in infected equipment, insects

vaccination ONLY once infection is present, vaccinate all incoming animals

32
Q

main cause of leptospirosis?

A

wild animals and poor sanitation

33
Q

you go see a sow that is off feed, has a mild fever, and aborted piglets recently. another sow on the farm gave birth to piglets that are jaundiced and have red urine. ?????

A

leptospira

34
Q

when doing a necropsy of a pig you find petechiae in the lungs, focal liver necrosis, and meningoencephalitis

A

leptospira

35
Q

how to diganose leptospira?

A

serologic testing: microscopic agglutination test, titres

culture

IHC

36
Q

how to prevent lepto

A

vaccinate and use antibiotics in semen extenders

37
Q

diamond back disease is _____

A

erysipelas

38
Q

clinical signs of erysipelas

A

diamon shaped skin lesions, depression, high fever, lameness, endocarditis, abortions, mummifcation, delayed returns to estrus

39
Q

how to treat and prevent erysipelas

A

penicillin

vaccination: vaccinate babies at 8wks or older, and prior to breeding

40
Q

the product PG600 is used for…

A

induction of estrus in gilts, or in weaned sows at weaning to shorten days to return to estrus

do not give before day 12

induces estrus 4-6 days later

41
Q

what drug is used to synchronize cycles in pigs?

A

altrenogest: a progestin that suppresses estrogen to make the pig return to estrus, will return to estrus 5-7 days after

42
Q

what is cloprostenol used for?

A

induction of farrowing, given 1-2 days before farrowing date, can allow for increased supervision during farrowing to decrease piglet mortality

43
Q

most common way to detect pregnancy in pigs?

A

ultrasound: doppler, amplitude depth, real time

at weeks 4 and 8

VETM 541 (20 decks)

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