Pathophys Male Flashcards
what is freemartinism?
when there are twins, one is female, the other is male, and through the blood supply, the anti-mullerian hormone from the male tract develops before the female tract does and the female’s repro tract doesn’t develop as it should. they can have missing cervixes, missing ovaries, missing vag, it’s not always one thing
what is the difference between a chimera and a mosaic?
chimeria is the mixing of 2 zygotes/2 individuals
mosaic is one zygote but mixing of phenotypes like a calico cat or a tortisehsell cat
you are on a farm looking at a bull and you see a red circumfrential lesion on the ventral aspect of the scrotum. It is the middle of winter and when you examine the bedding, you dont think there’s enough. Differential?
frost bite!
what are some general causes of dermatitis of the scrotum? why is this a problem?
frost bite, trauma, infections
can also have mast cell tumors, melanomas, hemangiomas
this messes with thermoregulation which can impact sperm!
how do the testes thermoregulate? list at least 3 ways
Tunica dartos: lifts up the testes when it’s cold, drops when hot
Cremaster muscle: same as tunica dartos
Panpiniform plexus: provides countercurrent heat exchange to cool blood going down to testes and heating it back up going back to body
Reflex pathway: bulls can pant and sweat if their balls get too hot
true or false: scrotal hernias in cows is a heritable trait and you should not breed these cows
true
what are the different kinds of hernias?
inguinal hernias (common): small intestine or omentum come through the vaginal ring into the canal
direct hernia: hernial sac is separate and cranial to the veginal ring
indirect hernia: intestine loops are contained within the tunica vaginalis
scrotal hernia: small intestine or omentum comes through the vaginal ring to the testes
what is a hydrocele? why is it a problem?
bascically fluid accumulation within the tunica vaginalis, usually sterile plasma-like fluid. It looks like a hernia would, but it just has fluid in it instead of intestines/omentum. Usually only one side.
cause: hot weather possibly
a problem because it causes testicular degeneration
what is cryptorchidism and why is it a problem
failure or incomplete descnt of the testes into the scrotum
problem because: there is hypoplasia of the retained teste and it’s prone to neoplasia and testicular torsion
this is heritable so dont breed these animals
what side do bulls get crypts on?
the left
when should testes normally descend in cattle?
3.5-4 months of gestation
what is testicular hypoplasia? causes?
occurs BEFORE puberty, aka, they never reached full size.
causes: poor nutrition, zinc deficinecy, endocrine and cytogenetic abnormalities, reduced production of LH
how can you test for small testes? why are small testes a problem?
can measure scrotal circumference. small testes are heritable and cause decreased motility, lower morphology, and lower sperm concentration!
what is testicular atrophy? causes?
occurs after puberty, aka they did get to full size but then shrunk. caused by fibrotic degeneration of the germinal epithelium and degeneration of the seminiferous tubules. There are lots of factors including:
age, heat from a fever or inflammation from an infection, vascular injury such as trauma or torsion, toxins or irradiation, vitamin or zinc deficiency, hormones like dex can cause it, or neoplasia
how does iatrogenic testicular atrophy happen?
if you do a biopsy of a testicle and hit a major vessel it will cause fibrosis and atrophy
what is testicular degeneration? how can you tell if a bull has this? is this a problem?
an age related degeneration. testes palpate softer and there will be smaller epididymal tails.
it causes impaired sperm motility, can see some abnormal sperm morphology too.usually these animals are castrated or salughtered/culled.
what is orchitis and what causes ir?
infection of the testes! testes will be big, painful, hot, and edematous
causes: C. psudeotuberculosis, B. melitensis in rams, B. Abortus in bulls, B. suis in boars, M. bovis, E. coli, T pyogenes, M. tuberculosis
you’re telling your dad about orchitis in bulls and he says how you gonna fix that? and you say…
antibiotics usually dont penetrate well enough so either cull them or castrate them :(
what kinds of testicular neoplasia do bulls get
interstitial cell tumors are the most common in bulls, can also get germ cell tumors or sertoli cell tumors
what is testicular fibrosis and who tends to get it?
young beef bulls tend to get this and we don’t really know what causes it but the testes are all fibrotic and have decreased sperm production but the sperm quality is fine. Could be associated with BRSV.
what is epididymitis, who gets it, and what are some causea
infection of the epididymis, common in rams, usually in the tail of the epididymis. the epididymis gets obstructed which causes testicular degeneration.
hematogenous causes: brucella ovis, melitensis abortus
ascending infection: actinobacillus, histophilus, E coli
what causes spermatic granulomas?
rupture of the duct, the sperm are seen as a foreign body and the body forms anti-sperm antibodies which causes inflammation and swelling causing a granuloma and leading to severe scarring. if this happens, cull or castrate because they will never recover
what is the function of the following accessory sex glands:
epidiymis, ampulla, vesicular glands, prostate, bulbourehtral glands
epididymis: final maturation of sperm
ampulla: essentially just an enlargement of the ductus deferens
vesciualr glands: ejaculate volume and fluid for the sperm
prostate: ejaculate fluid for sperm
bulbourehtral gland: provides the gel fraction of the ejaculate
what causes vesciculitis and what are the consequences?
common in younger bulls housed together
T pyogenes most commonly, but can also be B abortus, H somni, mycobacterium sp, mycoplasma, ureaplasma
can cause infertility, decreased cryopreservation ability, decreased sperm motility
how do you treat vesiculitis?
tetracyline or a macrolide
it can spontaneouisly resolve in young bulls!
can surgically take out the glands
can inject caustic material into the gland
prognosis is guarded for older bulls (wont resolve usually)
what is a hair ring and how is it treated
young bulls that are mounting tend to get it causing pain and inability to breed
simply remove the hair ring and treat any wounds
what is a persistent penile frenulum and what causes it?
a band of tissue from median raphe of the prepuce to the ventral side of the penis affecting penile erection and extension. normally testosterone stimulation causes separation of the penis and prepuce.
cause: heritable (terminal sires?)
a farmer calls you up and says hey doc I think one of my bulls has a persistent penile frenulum, can you fix this? and you say…
yes! you can ligate and then cut the attachment sites and apply antibiotic ointment on. the bull will also need sexual rest for 2 weeks.
why is a penile fribopapilloma a problem?
it causes swelling and inflammation and the penis can no longer retract! if you see fibropapillomas, but them off so they dont gt bigger and cause more problems!
what causes this and how do you treat it?
this is a fibropapilloma caused by a virus
can either ignore it, or surgically remove it, prognosis is good and there’s even an autogenous vaccine available for it
what usually causes penile lacerations?
breeding injuries–>bull becomes reluctant to breed because it hurts
how will you treat this laceration?
antibiotics and wound care, if it gets bad enough may need to circumcise
what causes penile deviation?
persistent frenulum can cause it, can also be from a defect in the fibrous tunica albuginea or atypical ligament of the penis, making the penis bend in different ways
you go see a farmer that has a bull with a penile deviation, and he wants to know what the bulls future can/will be with this condition. you tell him
you could correct it, but correction is only done in highly valuable bulls that HAVE to be naturally bred. You can still collect with an artificial vag though!
correction would involve taking a piece of the biceps femoris to reinforce to apical ligament of the penis which helps it straighten out
spiral deviation of the penis is normal when….
spiral deviation of the penis is ABnormal when…
normal after breeding!
abnormal prior to breeding
a farmer contacts you about his nice big bull named LARRY and says when LARRY tries to breed a cow, his penis is all curled up and he can’t actually breed. What is your solution to this problem?
this is an inherited condition and will likely just cause penile trauma and LARRY wont be able to breed so LARRY needs to be culled :(
inflammation of the penis and prepuce is called _____ and is usually caused by _____ and treated by _____
balanoposthitis
BHV-1
sexual rest for 2 weeks
what is this?
balanoposthitis
you get called to look at some rams and this is what the prepuce of one looks like. what is this? explain how this happens
pizzle rot caused by corynebacterium renale
high urea in the urine–>c. renale proliferates and converts urea into ammonia–>ulceration of the prepuce
what is the actual name for a “broken penis” in a bull
penile hematoma
what are you seeing here?
there is a swelling, likely a penile hematoma
causes: injury in bulls from breeding or semen collection, rupture of the tunica albuginea
how do you fix a “broken penis” in a bull?
can do surgery in penile hematomas that are more than 20cm and less than 3 days old
can also do medical tx: hydrotherapy, antibiotics, sexual rest. better prognosis if theyre smaller. can lead to prolapse of the prepuce.
60% of FNA of a penile hematoma progresses to
preputial abscess
how do you diagnose a preputial abscess?
can look the same as a penile hematoma, use ultrasound and DONT poke it until youve done the ultrasound
once you’ve repaired a penile hematoma, what post op care should you consider?
systemic antibiotics for 10 days, and sexual rest for 60-90 days
watch out for: abscess formation, adhesions, desensitization of the glans penis, vascular shunting
difference between phimosis and paraphimosis
phimosis: unable to extend penis (adhesions, penis is stuck inside)
paraphimosis: unable to retract the penis into prepuce (swelling and edema)
if there is a preputial injury, what should you do to try and fix it?
return the prepuce as quickly as possible to normal position to reduce edema. Can apply antibiotic ointment, use epsom salts to reduce swelling, lavage it daily, and put on a tube to allow the bull to urinate (idk what this means)
for really valuable animals, what are some surgical ways to fix preputial injuries?
circumcision: remove excessive preputial tissue
resection and anastomosis of the prepuce: cut out the fibrotic tissue that is preventing normal penile extension
amputation of the prepuce: prevent prolpase and correct chronic preputial prolapse
what is the fancy name for cow circumcision
posthioplasty
what are the 3 big treatments for preputial injuries in bulls?
hydrotherapy
antibiotic cream (petercillin)
preputial slings
when would you use a pudendal nerve block vs a dorsal penis nerve block?
pudenal nerve blocks cause penile relaxation and anesthesia caudal to the sigmoid flexure–>you could use this one for more advanced procedures like fixing a penile hematoma
dorsal penis nerve blocks are for more simple procedures like for removing a fibropapilloma, you essentially infuse lidocaine into the prepuce skin on the dorsal aspect of the preputial orifice
