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VETM 541 > Pathophys Male > Flashcards

Pathophys Male Flashcards

1
Q

what is freemartinism?

A

when there are twins, one is female, the other is male, and through the blood supply, the anti-mullerian hormone from the male tract develops before the female tract does and the female’s repro tract doesn’t develop as it should. they can have missing cervixes, missing ovaries, missing vag, it’s not always one thing

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2
Q

what is the difference between a chimera and a mosaic?

A

chimeria is the mixing of 2 zygotes/2 individuals

mosaic is one zygote but mixing of phenotypes like a calico cat or a tortisehsell cat

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3
Q

you are on a farm looking at a bull and you see a red circumfrential lesion on the ventral aspect of the scrotum. It is the middle of winter and when you examine the bedding, you dont think there’s enough. Differential?

A

frost bite!

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4
Q

what are some general causes of dermatitis of the scrotum? why is this a problem?

A

frost bite, trauma, infections

can also have mast cell tumors, melanomas, hemangiomas

this messes with thermoregulation which can impact sperm!

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4
Q

how do the testes thermoregulate? list at least 3 ways

A

Tunica dartos: lifts up the testes when it’s cold, drops when hot

Cremaster muscle: same as tunica dartos

Panpiniform plexus: provides countercurrent heat exchange to cool blood going down to testes and heating it back up going back to body

Reflex pathway: bulls can pant and sweat if their balls get too hot

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5
Q

true or false: scrotal hernias in cows is a heritable trait and you should not breed these cows

A

true

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6
Q

what are the different kinds of hernias?

A

inguinal hernias (common): small intestine or omentum come through the vaginal ring into the canal

direct hernia: hernial sac is separate and cranial to the veginal ring

indirect hernia: intestine loops are contained within the tunica vaginalis

scrotal hernia: small intestine or omentum comes through the vaginal ring to the testes

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7
Q

what is a hydrocele? why is it a problem?

A

bascically fluid accumulation within the tunica vaginalis, usually sterile plasma-like fluid. It looks like a hernia would, but it just has fluid in it instead of intestines/omentum. Usually only one side.

cause: hot weather possibly

a problem because it causes testicular degeneration

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8
Q

what is cryptorchidism and why is it a problem

A

failure or incomplete descnt of the testes into the scrotum

problem because: there is hypoplasia of the retained teste and it’s prone to neoplasia and testicular torsion

this is heritable so dont breed these animals

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9
Q

what side do bulls get crypts on?

A

the left

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10
Q

when should testes normally descend in cattle?

A

3.5-4 months of gestation

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11
Q

what is testicular hypoplasia? causes?

A

occurs BEFORE puberty, aka, they never reached full size.

causes: poor nutrition, zinc deficinecy, endocrine and cytogenetic abnormalities, reduced production of LH

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12
Q

how can you test for small testes? why are small testes a problem?

A

can measure scrotal circumference. small testes are heritable and cause decreased motility, lower morphology, and lower sperm concentration!

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13
Q

what is testicular atrophy? causes?

A

occurs after puberty, aka they did get to full size but then shrunk. caused by fibrotic degeneration of the germinal epithelium and degeneration of the seminiferous tubules. There are lots of factors including:

age, heat from a fever or inflammation from an infection, vascular injury such as trauma or torsion, toxins or irradiation, vitamin or zinc deficiency, hormones like dex can cause it, or neoplasia

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14
Q

how does iatrogenic testicular atrophy happen?

A

if you do a biopsy of a testicle and hit a major vessel it will cause fibrosis and atrophy

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15
Q

what is testicular degeneration? how can you tell if a bull has this? is this a problem?

A

an age related degeneration. testes palpate softer and there will be smaller epididymal tails.

it causes impaired sperm motility, can see some abnormal sperm morphology too.usually these animals are castrated or salughtered/culled.

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16
Q

what is orchitis and what causes ir?

A

infection of the testes! testes will be big, painful, hot, and edematous

causes: C. psudeotuberculosis, B. melitensis in rams, B. Abortus in bulls, B. suis in boars, M. bovis, E. coli, T pyogenes, M. tuberculosis

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17
Q

you’re telling your dad about orchitis in bulls and he says how you gonna fix that? and you say…

A

antibiotics usually dont penetrate well enough so either cull them or castrate them :(

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18
Q

what kinds of testicular neoplasia do bulls get

A

interstitial cell tumors are the most common in bulls, can also get germ cell tumors or sertoli cell tumors

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19
Q

what is testicular fibrosis and who tends to get it?

A

young beef bulls tend to get this and we don’t really know what causes it but the testes are all fibrotic and have decreased sperm production but the sperm quality is fine. Could be associated with BRSV.

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20
Q

what is epididymitis, who gets it, and what are some causea

A

infection of the epididymis, common in rams, usually in the tail of the epididymis. the epididymis gets obstructed which causes testicular degeneration.

hematogenous causes: brucella ovis, melitensis abortus

ascending infection: actinobacillus, histophilus, E coli

21
Q

what causes spermatic granulomas?

A

rupture of the duct, the sperm are seen as a foreign body and the body forms anti-sperm antibodies which causes inflammation and swelling causing a granuloma and leading to severe scarring. if this happens, cull or castrate because they will never recover

22
Q

what is the function of the following accessory sex glands:
epidiymis, ampulla, vesicular glands, prostate, bulbourehtral glands

A

epididymis: final maturation of sperm
ampulla: essentially just an enlargement of the ductus deferens
vesciualr glands: ejaculate volume and fluid for the sperm
prostate: ejaculate fluid for sperm
bulbourehtral gland: provides the gel fraction of the ejaculate

23
Q

what causes vesciculitis and what are the consequences?

A

common in younger bulls housed together

T pyogenes most commonly, but can also be B abortus, H somni, mycobacterium sp, mycoplasma, ureaplasma

can cause infertility, decreased cryopreservation ability, decreased sperm motility

24
Q

how do you treat vesiculitis?

A

tetracyline or a macrolide

it can spontaneouisly resolve in young bulls!

can surgically take out the glands

can inject caustic material into the gland

prognosis is guarded for older bulls (wont resolve usually)

25
Q

what is a hair ring and how is it treated

A

young bulls that are mounting tend to get it causing pain and inability to breed

simply remove the hair ring and treat any wounds

26
Q

what is a persistent penile frenulum and what causes it?

A

a band of tissue from median raphe of the prepuce to the ventral side of the penis affecting penile erection and extension. normally testosterone stimulation causes separation of the penis and prepuce.

cause: heritable (terminal sires?)

27
Q

a farmer calls you up and says hey doc I think one of my bulls has a persistent penile frenulum, can you fix this? and you say…

A

yes! you can ligate and then cut the attachment sites and apply antibiotic ointment on. the bull will also need sexual rest for 2 weeks.

28
Q

why is a penile fribopapilloma a problem?

A

it causes swelling and inflammation and the penis can no longer retract! if you see fibropapillomas, but them off so they dont gt bigger and cause more problems!

29
Q

what causes this and how do you treat it?

A

this is a fibropapilloma caused by a virus

can either ignore it, or surgically remove it, prognosis is good and there’s even an autogenous vaccine available for it

30
Q

what usually causes penile lacerations?

A

breeding injuries–>bull becomes reluctant to breed because it hurts

31
Q

how will you treat this laceration?

A

antibiotics and wound care, if it gets bad enough may need to circumcise

32
Q

what causes penile deviation?

A

persistent frenulum can cause it, can also be from a defect in the fibrous tunica albuginea or atypical ligament of the penis, making the penis bend in different ways

33
Q

you go see a farmer that has a bull with a penile deviation, and he wants to know what the bulls future can/will be with this condition. you tell him

A

you could correct it, but correction is only done in highly valuable bulls that HAVE to be naturally bred. You can still collect with an artificial vag though!

correction would involve taking a piece of the biceps femoris to reinforce to apical ligament of the penis which helps it straighten out

34
Q

spiral deviation of the penis is normal when….
spiral deviation of the penis is ABnormal when…

A

normal after breeding!

abnormal prior to breeding

35
Q

a farmer contacts you about his nice big bull named LARRY and says when LARRY tries to breed a cow, his penis is all curled up and he can’t actually breed. What is your solution to this problem?

A

this is an inherited condition and will likely just cause penile trauma and LARRY wont be able to breed so LARRY needs to be culled :(

36
Q

inflammation of the penis and prepuce is called _____ and is usually caused by _____ and treated by _____

A

balanoposthitis

BHV-1

sexual rest for 2 weeks

37
Q

what is this?

A

balanoposthitis

38
Q

you get called to look at some rams and this is what the prepuce of one looks like. what is this? explain how this happens

A

pizzle rot caused by corynebacterium renale

high urea in the urine–>c. renale proliferates and converts urea into ammonia–>ulceration of the prepuce

39
Q

what is the actual name for a “broken penis” in a bull

A

penile hematoma

40
Q

what are you seeing here?

A

there is a swelling, likely a penile hematoma

causes: injury in bulls from breeding or semen collection, rupture of the tunica albuginea

41
Q

how do you fix a “broken penis” in a bull?

A

can do surgery in penile hematomas that are more than 20cm and less than 3 days old

can also do medical tx: hydrotherapy, antibiotics, sexual rest. better prognosis if theyre smaller. can lead to prolapse of the prepuce.

42
Q

60% of FNA of a penile hematoma progresses to

A

preputial abscess

43
Q

how do you diagnose a preputial abscess?

A

can look the same as a penile hematoma, use ultrasound and DONT poke it until youve done the ultrasound

44
Q

once you’ve repaired a penile hematoma, what post op care should you consider?

A

systemic antibiotics for 10 days, and sexual rest for 60-90 days

watch out for: abscess formation, adhesions, desensitization of the glans penis, vascular shunting

45
Q

difference between phimosis and paraphimosis

A

phimosis: unable to extend penis (adhesions, penis is stuck inside)

paraphimosis: unable to retract the penis into prepuce (swelling and edema)

46
Q

if there is a preputial injury, what should you do to try and fix it?

A

return the prepuce as quickly as possible to normal position to reduce edema. Can apply antibiotic ointment, use epsom salts to reduce swelling, lavage it daily, and put on a tube to allow the bull to urinate (idk what this means)

47
Q

for really valuable animals, what are some surgical ways to fix preputial injuries?

A

circumcision: remove excessive preputial tissue

resection and anastomosis of the prepuce: cut out the fibrotic tissue that is preventing normal penile extension

amputation of the prepuce: prevent prolpase and correct chronic preputial prolapse

48
Q

what is the fancy name for cow circumcision

A

posthioplasty

49
Q

what are the 3 big treatments for preputial injuries in bulls?

A

hydrotherapy
antibiotic cream (petercillin)
preputial slings

50
Q

when would you use a pudendal nerve block vs a dorsal penis nerve block?

A

pudenal nerve blocks cause penile relaxation and anesthesia caudal to the sigmoid flexure–>you could use this one for more advanced procedures like fixing a penile hematoma

dorsal penis nerve blocks are for more simple procedures like for removing a fibropapilloma, you essentially infuse lidocaine into the prepuce skin on the dorsal aspect of the preputial orifice

VETM 541 (20 decks)

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