Sustainable Governance Flashcards
What is a “Wicked Problem”?
- Impossible to solve
- The problem is many different problems.
What are some tools used for Environmental Governance?
Heuristic Things (useful for helping us think about the world)
Values, Norms and Beliefs
Who quoted “The era of management is over”?
Ludwig, 2001
What are Ludwigs (2001) main arguments?
- Old environmental management paradigm does not fit the current problem understanding or realities.
- Complex “Wicked” problem domains are pluralistic settings.
Why is it important to have a multi-sector approach when dealing with “Wicked” problems?
It is difficult to understand an entire problem because there are variables that only one group cannot understand.
What are Ideologies?
A set of opinions / beliefs
How are Ideologies used to influence environmental governance?
To promote the view that experts using scientific methods can manage the world’s problems.
What is one common misconception of ideologies discussed in lecture?
Where it state that experts are the ‘smartest’ and most powerful person in the room. A healthy dose of criticism is critical to understanding a broader perspective.
Where do we often find a “Legitimacy Crisis”?
In environmental planning and management.
What is Legitimacy?
Consensus / agreement, valid, aligns with what we believe in.
What does it mean when we say “Experts are facing a legitimacy crisis…”?
People are not believing in or accepting experts results.
What is an example of de-legitimizing?
Political powers undermining evidence and research of the experts.
What are some challenges / barriers faced with the legitimacy crisis?
Making science accessible to non-specialists.
True or False: Governance and class play a significant role in wicked problems.
True.
What is an example of a wicked problem and why?
Climate change.
Because it is a large-scale problem with solutions in philosophy and methods.
Also, because there are many variables at play that require the involvement of many different knowledges.
True or False: Wicked problems exceed the ability of unilateral action.
True.
What are the 3 Ideologies proposed by Ludwig?
- Economism
- Scientism
- Technocracy
Explain the role of Economism in environmental governance:
Economic values emphasized at the expense of all others. An anthropocentric ideology that views nature based on conferred value.
Explain the role of Scientism in environmental governance:
Belief that science is inherently capable of solving all human problems; derives from unquestioned achievements of science.
What ideology of environmental governance does the following statement apply to “It’s valuable because it is useful to us”?
Economism
What are some pros of Scientism?
Increase in food supply, decreased mortality rates, etc.
What are some cons in Scientism?
Improvements in military capabilities.
What was Ludwigs main argument in regards to Scientism?
The blind faith in science is involved in the sociological interactions, and decisions being made off this blind faith.
Explain the ideology of Technocracy in relation to environmental governance:
Tendency to view technological innovation as the magic bullet for resolving various problems.
What is often view as the “Cure all” for resolving problems?
Technology
Are Funtowicz and Ravitzs’ environmental governance ideologies base on:
Quantitative Data or
Qualitative Data
Quantitative (Western Science)
Economists see the _______ as ideal.
Market
Biologists see ____ as ideal.
Biodiversity
International development sees ________ as ideal.
Community
What is Ludwigs argument in terms of values and actions?
That we are imbedded within values and belief systems.
What conditions make expertise hard to come by?
Controversy
Uncertainty
What does Ludwig mean by “New Role of Experts”?
That there is radical uncertainty and controversy and opportunity for change in expert knowledge.
Why does Ludwig associate blunt metrics with “wicked” problems?
Because the current tools used for addressing “wicked” problems are currently blunt metrics, AKA not capable of solving the issues.
What are the 3 key components of addressing a “Wicked” problem?
Adaptive Management
Consideration
Collaboration (Inter-agency)
What are the three components of Post-Normal science?
- Env. Policy: The nature of environmental policy problems today is “post normal”.
- Uncertainty: System uncertainty and decision stakes dictate the approaches used to solve problems.
- Legitimate Perspectives: New system assumptions
Who proposed the idea of Post-Normal science?
Funtowicz and Ravetz
What is post-normal science?
The management of complex science-related issues.
It focuses on aspects of problem solving that. tend to be neglected in traditional accounts of scientific practice: uncertainty, value loading, and a plurality of legitimate perspectives.
What are the 3 new systems assumptions of post-normal science?
- Unpredictability
- Incomplete Control
- Plurality of perspectives
What is the Khunsian view of Science?
Science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge but undergoes periodic revolutions.
What are the three main components of the Khunsian view of Science?
- Uncertainties addressed automatically.
- Values are unspoken.
- No foundational problems (Believes what we are working with is sound, until said otherwise)
What is the 5-step flow of “Normal-Science”?
- Normal Science
- Model Drift
- Model Crisis
- Model Revolution
- Paradigm Shift
Define a Paradigm:
Entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques, accepted by a group of practitioners for a period of time.
Who invented the idea of K-Waves?
Nicolai Kondratiev’s
What are K-Waves?
The process of innovation and development cycles.
What is the acronym used in K-Waves?
P - Prosperity
R - Recession
D - Depression
E - Improvement
What is the meaning behind K-Waves?
As innovation increases and time increases, we know more about the different systems moving together at the same time.
What are Funtowicz and Ravetzs’ critiques of science?
- Traditional v. Western Knowledge
- Access to science due to privilege.
- Scientific expertise leading to Policy dilemmas
What is an example of scientific expertise leading to policy dilemmas?
Aral Sea
What happened to the Aral Sea?
They drained the lake for agriculture because the government wanted to be self-sufficient in cotton production.
Desperation and pressure caused the government to make this decision, by the soviet decision makers.
What are the four approaches environmental governance from Funtowicz and Ravitz?
- Applied Science
- Professional Consultancy
- Post-Normal Science
- Core Science
Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Mission oriented
Applied Science
Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Client Serving
Professional Consultancy
Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Issue Driven
Post-Normal Science
Which of the four approaches from Funtowicz and Ravitz applies to the following: Curiosity Driven
Core Science
(Approach by Funtowicz and Ravitz) ____________: Uncertainties at technical level, Standard routines and procedures and Peer-review extended based on use and impacts of whatever solutions we develop.
Applied Science
(Approach by Funtowicz and Ravitz) ____________: ii. High level judgements and skills needed; calculation less helpful.
Professional Consultancy
(Approach by Funtowicz and Ravitz) ____________: i. Nature of uncertainty is different, either epistemological or ethical in kind
Post-Normal science
What are the 6 main arguments brought by Funtowicz and Ravetz?
- Science is complex.
- Facts uncertain
- Much unknown
- High stakes
- Urgent decisions
- High value component and values disrupted.
