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ENV-3602 > Environmental Governance and Decision-Making > Flashcards

Environmental Governance and Decision-Making Flashcards

1
Q

What does S-E stand for?

A

Social - Ecological

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2
Q

What is Armitages argument toward government and governance?

A

“Governments are no longer the most important source of decision making in the environmental field”.

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3
Q

What makes governance so difficult?

A

Social - Ecological Systems

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4
Q

What makes governance different than government?

A
  1. Governance involves interaction between formal institutions of government and civil society.
  2. Informal groups, perhaps who are less organized.
  3. Broader involvement, influences, interests than that of simply “the government”.
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5
Q

Define governance:

A

It is the process of interactions through the laws, social norms, power or language as structured in communication of an organized society over a social system.

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6
Q

Can governance systems involve legislation, regulation, policies, and guidelines?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are the 5 forms of governance?

A
  1. International Agreements / Accords
  2. National Police’s & Legislation
  3. Local decision-making structures
  4. Transnational Networks
  5. Civil Society Involvement
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8
Q

What are the 5 Idealized Governance Forms?

A
  1. Civil Society
  2. Co-operative
  3. Market-based
  4. Regulatory
  5. Self-organizing
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9
Q

What are the two models of Governance suggested by Armitage?

A

Protectionist vs. Human Centered

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10
Q

What does the Protectionist model of governance include?

A

Top-down, regulatory
Centralized
Command and Control

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11
Q

What does the Human-centered model of governance include?

A

Bottom-up
Decentralized
Collaborative

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12
Q

Define a Stakeholder:

A

A person or group directly affected by or with an interest in a decision, or with responsibility and authority relative to a decision.

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13
Q

What are some ways a Stakeholder can be classified?

A

o Any level or position in society
o Global-local (E.g., households)
o Marginalized

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14
Q

What are some limitations of stakeholders?

A
  1. Some people are rights holders (I.e., Indigenous communities), term often used by corporate governments, people may not recognize that they are a stakeholder.
  2. Marginalized groups may not be organized in a manner that calls for the action of a stakeholder.
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15
Q

How is the role of a stakeholder determined?

A
  • Role of responsibility relative to decision-making
  • Who has authority to act / address issues.
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16
Q

Who often represents communities?

A

As Stakeholders

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17
Q

How are communities characterized?

A

Size, value, social norms, resource dependence, etc.

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18
Q

What do Stakeholders represent?

A

Interest or ‘stake’ in decision & outcome effects & includes parties with legal authority and responsibility regarding the decision.

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19
Q

What is an example of a global stakeholder?

A

International agencies, foreign governments, environmental lobbies, etc.

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20
Q

Where do you draw the line of Stakeholder vs. Rightsholder?

A

Based on a view of rights you were born with, vs., a developed interest.

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21
Q

How can conflict be productive?

A

Constructive conflict can indicate when something isn’t working in a social system (I.e., Protests, critiques, questions, etc.), can be considered a signal for change.

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22
Q

Describe the Protectionist model of governance:

A

Creating protected areas, to keep people out and protect nature from people. Seeks to control, separate and isolate.

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23
Q

What does it mean to have a Centralized model?

A
  • One central decision-making body, power is not dispersed among several groups. Power is concentrated in one ‘central’ group.
  • If it is happening in one place and affects a large span of people, the context, and interests of people in other places may be different.
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24
Q

What does “Command-and-Control” mean?

A

“Doing what you are told”, this mindset refers to how westerners tend to treat the environment, believing we have full control of our surroundings.

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25
Q

Define the Human-centered model of governance:

A

Opposite to the Protectionist view, where this view considers the needs of people as one more group of species inhabiting the land-space. This model of governance has begun to shift to a human-centered perspective.

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26
Q

What does bottom-up mean?

A

Citizens, local farmers, etc., concerned about water quality and bring those concerns to the RM or low-level government, and sharing the concern with higher levels of government.

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27
Q

Why is a Decentralized system in governance preferred?

A

Decentralization is favoured because it supports subsidiarity.
- One principle of sustainability is those who are affected majorly by something, they should have a greater decision-making authority over said concern.

28
Q

What are some drawbacks of a decentralized structure in governance?

A
  • There is a challenge of coordination in a decentralized model, a shared course of action needs to be determined.
  • Groups are too separated to collaborate to develop decision-making.
29
Q

What does it mean to have a “Collaborative” structure in governance?

A

Multi-party involvement

30
Q

What is the primary goal of a Stakeholder?

A

A goal of community stakeholder involvement is to balance inequalities; “Level playing field”.

31
Q

What is an Active Stakeholder?

A

Those who seek participation

32
Q

What is a Passive Stakeholder?

A

Those who do not normally seek to participate in an organisation’s policy making.

33
Q

What is an Importance vs. Influence Stakeholder?

A

Importance: Those whose needs and interests are priorities”
Influence: Power certain stakeholders have over project success.

34
Q

What does section A of the “Influence v. Importance” graph represent?

A

Interest: Has interest
Influence: Has little influence

35
Q

What does section B of the “Influence v. Importance” graph represent?

A

Interest: High interest
Influence: High Influence

36
Q

What does section C of the “Influence v. Importance” graph represent?

A

Interest: Low Interest
Influence: High influence

37
Q

What does section D of the “Influence v. Importance” graph represent?

A

Interest: Low interest
Influence: Low influence

38
Q

True or False: Lockwood et al., principles are strict and cannot be changed.

A

False, they are meant to be adjusted to different contexts and to specific goals.

39
Q

Define Governance in Multi-level Collaborative settings:

A

The interactions among structures, processes and traditions that determine how power and responsibilities are exercised, how decisions are taken, and how citizens or other stakeholders (& rightsholders) have their say.

40
Q

True or False: The tests for legitimacy may be different for a top-down approach vs. bottom-up.

A

True.

41
Q

What are Lockwood et al.’s argument?

A

Collaboration and involvement of public, private, and civic interests

42
Q

What is the incentive for Lockwood et al.’s NRM?

A

Lack of principles available
Demand for collaboration and coordination

43
Q

What is the meaning Lockwood et al.’s paper?

A

Natural Resource Management (NRM) at a catchment or landscape scale (Immediate, site-specific needs)

44
Q

What are Lockwood et al.’s two main arguments?

A
  1. Moving towards collaboration and involvement of public, private, and civic interests.
  2. A “new governance” designed amid a “discourse of sustainability” that incorporates calls for civic duty, participation, and stewardship ideals.
45
Q

What is the primary focus for Lockwood et al.’s framework?

A

Catchment or landscape scale (Forestry, agriculture, tourism & water)

46
Q

What is the purpose for Principles in NRM?

A
  1. for design & assessment
  2. form of normative statements
    regarding how governance should
    occur i.e., how people should use
    their power
  3. for 13 NRM regional organizations in
    Australia
47
Q

What is Adaptive Capacity?

A

Adjusting of characteristics or behaviour, in order to expand its coping range under existing climate variability, or future climate conditions.

48
Q

What are the 4 ways to prepare for changes in governance structures?

A
  1. Anticipation
  2. Long-term Orientation
  3. Vision of Sustainability
  4. Foster organizational cultures of learning and experimentation.
49
Q

Why is modularity important to NRM?

A

IT is the ability to change things.
Because If something is not working, you can change the structure. It is not out of commission if the system does not work.

50
Q

What are the 6 steps of the Adaptive Management Process?

A
  1. Assess the issue
  2. Knowledge
  3. Identify Uncertainties
  4. Implement
  5. Monitor
  6. Evaluate
51
Q

What other process does the Adaptive Management process mirror?

A

Policy process

52
Q

What is Participatory Governance?

A

Giving the people who are affected by the effects of a decision being involved in the process of making decisions, I.e., stakeholders.

53
Q

What is there a growing need for in NRM?

A
  • Science (biophysical and social)
  • Local experience
  • Indigenous peoples
54
Q

What are the 4 challenges to governance and decentralization?

A
  1. Erosion of broad democratic process
  2. Local elitism
  3. Accountability and Legitimacy
  4. Lack of Attention to public good
55
Q

What is the 8 step process to Principle Development?

A
  1. Legitimacy
  2. Transparency
  3. Accountability
  4. Inclusiveness
  5. Fairness
  6. Integration
  7. Capability
  8. Adaptability
56
Q

How is legitimacy a part of the Principle Development process?

A

Authority to govern given by democratic law and / or earned from stakeholders.

57
Q

What is Transparency also viewed as from a governance perspective?

A

Visibility in the decision-making process.

58
Q

How is Accountability a part of the Principle Development process?

A

Allocation and acceptance of responsibility for decisions and actions.

59
Q

How is Inclusiveness a part of the Principle Development process?

A

To remain accountable, you need to be collaborative and inclusive.

60
Q

How is Fairness a part of the Principle Development process?

A

Respect and attention given to all stakeholder views / needs.

61
Q

How is Integration a part of the Principle Development process?

A

Integration can be achieved by ensuring connections and coordination across / between cross-scale connectedness.

62
Q

Which of the 8 principles of principle development focuses on cross-scale connectedness?

A

Integration (6)

63
Q

How is Capability a part of the Principle Development process?

A

Systems, plans, resources, skills, leadership, knowledge, and experiences that enable organizations, and the individuals who direct, manage, and work for them, to effectively deliver on their responsibilities.

64
Q

What is the Capability principle of Principle Development also considered as?

A

Capacity

65
Q

How is Adaptability a part of the Principle Development process?

A

Ongoing learning & use of knowledge to inform decisions and implementation.

66
Q

What are the 8 principles of NRM intended for?

A

Principles intended to provide normative guidance (ideals) in complex & uncertain multi-level governance settings.

ENV-3602 (10 decks)

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