Sustainability lesson 1 - 2

Question 1

Demonstration effect

Answer 1

locals are affected by tourists’ behaviour

Question 2

a concept of sacred and ordinary by Durkheim

Answer 2

• We have monotonous life, so we create sacred moments (holidays)
• Tourism considered a “sacred time” replacing rituals/ traditions

Question 3

Post-modern auto motivation

Answer 3

worrying about others’ image of myself

• “I am what I think you think I am” - Charles Horton Cooley
• image from social media

Question 4

Compensatory effect

Answer 4

• behavior changes drastically; compensation for laws at home
• do abroad what you can’t at home

Question 5

spillover effect

Answer 5

behavior stays the same

Question 6

Bourdieu

Answer 6

• cultural capital

- more educated and sensible to other culture has less negative effects

Question 7

Neo-colonization/ Neo-Imperialism

Answer 7

• recolonizing countries
• acculturation
• Associative

Question 8

associative/ dissociative relationship

Answer 8

impact of tourism on local community

- could cause friction/ benefit

Question 9

acculturation

Answer 9

when 2 or more cultures meet and they change to be accepted and work tgt

Question 10

recolonizing countries

Answer 10

changing infrastructures, working force

Question 11

Dependency and parasitical tourism

Answer 11

100% depends on tourism -> Maldives, Tahiti

Question 12

Acculturation vs. cultural imposition

Answer 12

• to host the tourists, forced to smile.

-

Question 13

leakage

Answer 13

revenue generated by tourism is lost to other countries

Question 14

carrying capacity

Answer 14

number of tourists without negative impacts

- e.g. physical carrying capacity; economic carrying capacity; social carrying capacity; biophysical carrying capacity.

Question 15

Butler’s tourism destination life cycle

Answer 15

1. Discovery + Exploration
2. Involvement
3. Development
4. Consolidation
5. Stagnation
6. Depends
   a) Rejuvenation (+)
   b) reduced growth (+)
   c) stabilization (-)
   d) decline (-)
   e) immediate decline (-) natural catastrophe

Question 16

Doxey’s Irridex

Answer 16

a model suggests communities pass through a sequence of reaction as changing tourisms industry become more pronounced

1. Euphoria - excitement, informal contact
2. Apathy - lack of interest, formal contact, tourists = source of income
3. irritation
4. antagonism - opposition

Question 17

Solution to Antagonism

Answer 17

• sustainable marketing (be different)

- higher price

Question 18

Critiques of New Tourism

Answer 18

• commodifications
• subservience
• fetishism
• aestheticisation

Question 19

Commodification

Answer 19

• capitalist relations of productions only for tourism

- tangible and intangible assets -> becoming commodities for tourists

Question 20

subservience

Answer 20

major infrastructures controlled by foreign investors

- locals have no voice in decision making, huge leakage

Question 21

fetishism

Answer 21

hiding poverty and poor conditions

Question 22

aestheticism

Answer 22

• comparing your life without poverty at local destination

- personal journey for self-identity

Question 23

theory of auto-destruction

e.g. cacun

Answer 23

1st phase: natural beauty attracts tourism
- low tourist flow, expensive, luxurious
- competition: more investment
2nd phase: competition decreases price (more tourists)
- lowering quality and standard, more pressure on environment -> erosion from construction
- asymmetry in social and economic context
3rd phase: insecurity, crime, conception -> decline
- destructions of tourisms

Question 24

the emergence of ecotourism

Answer 24

1. Advocacy platform - 1960s
2. Cautionary platform - 1970s
3. Adaptancy platform - 1980s
4. Knowledge-based platform - 1990s

Question 25

1. Advocacy platform - 1960s

Answer 25

Tourism is an ideal activity

• good incentive to preserve destination’s culture
• government promotes

Question 26

2. Cautionary platform - 1970s

Answer 26

• results in negative impact
• direct and indirect revenue didn’t affect local economy
• multinational corporate profit fed on number
• carefully regulated

Question 27

3. Adaptancy platform - 1980s

Answer 27

• mass tourism
• homesteads, volunteer tourism
• positive effect to local community

Question 28

4. Knowledge-based platform - 1990s

Answer 28

emergence of sustainable tourism

- consider environmental and sociocultural carrying capacity