Sustainability lesson 1 - 2 Flashcards
Demonstration effect
locals are affected by tourists’ behaviour
a concept of sacred and ordinary by Durkheim
- We have monotonous life, so we create sacred moments (holidays)
- Tourism considered a “sacred time” replacing rituals/ traditions
Post-modern auto motivation
worrying about others’ image of myself
- “I am what I think you think I am” - Charles Horton Cooley
- image from social media
Compensatory effect
- behavior changes drastically; compensation for laws at home
- do abroad what you can’t at home
spillover effect
behavior stays the same
Bourdieu
- cultural capital
- more educated and sensible to other culture has less negative effects
Neo-colonization/ Neo-Imperialism
- recolonizing countries
- acculturation
- Associative
associative/ dissociative relationship
impact of tourism on local community
- could cause friction/ benefit
acculturation
when 2 or more cultures meet and they change to be accepted and work tgt
recolonizing countries
changing infrastructures, working force
Dependency and parasitical tourism
100% depends on tourism -> Maldives, Tahiti
Acculturation vs. cultural imposition
- to host the tourists, forced to smile.
-
leakage
revenue generated by tourism is lost to other countries
carrying capacity
number of tourists without negative impacts
- e.g. physical carrying capacity; economic carrying capacity; social carrying capacity; biophysical carrying capacity.
Butler’s tourism destination life cycle
- Discovery + Exploration
- Involvement
- Development
- Consolidation
- Stagnation
- Depends
a) Rejuvenation (+)
b) reduced growth (+)
c) stabilization (-)
d) decline (-)
e) immediate decline (-) natural catastrophe
Doxey’s Irridex
a model suggests communities pass through a sequence of reaction as changing tourisms industry become more pronounced
- Euphoria - excitement, informal contact
- Apathy - lack of interest, formal contact, tourists = source of income
- irritation
- antagonism - opposition
Solution to Antagonism
- sustainable marketing (be different)
- higher price
Critiques of New Tourism
- commodifications
- subservience
- fetishism
- aestheticisation
Commodification
- capitalist relations of productions only for tourism
- tangible and intangible assets -> becoming commodities for tourists
subservience
major infrastructures controlled by foreign investors
- locals have no voice in decision making, huge leakage
fetishism
hiding poverty and poor conditions
aestheticism
- comparing your life without poverty at local destination
- personal journey for self-identity
theory of auto-destruction
e.g. cacun
1st phase: natural beauty attracts tourism
- low tourist flow, expensive, luxurious
- competition: more investment
2nd phase: competition decreases price (more tourists)
- lowering quality and standard, more pressure on environment -> erosion from construction
- asymmetry in social and economic context
3rd phase: insecurity, crime, conception -> decline
- destructions of tourisms
the emergence of ecotourism
- Advocacy platform - 1960s
- Cautionary platform - 1970s
- Adaptancy platform - 1980s
- Knowledge-based platform - 1990s
- Advocacy platform - 1960s
Tourism is an ideal activity
- good incentive to preserve destination’s culture
- government promotes
- Cautionary platform - 1970s
- results in negative impact
- direct and indirect revenue didn’t affect local economy
- multinational corporate profit fed on number
- carefully regulated
- Adaptancy platform - 1980s
- mass tourism
- homesteads, volunteer tourism
- positive effect to local community
- Knowledge-based platform - 1990s
emergence of sustainable tourism
- consider environmental and sociocultural carrying capacity
