susceptibility Flashcards
What is exposure models?
Addiction is caused by the drug and the neurological changes it promotes such as withdrawal and opponent process
what is susceptibility models?
addiction is caused due to individual vulnerabilities such as genetic, psychological or environmental factors
what percent is addiction vulnerability hereditary ?
40-60%
what does genetics suggest about susceptibility ?
suggests predisposition and not a guarantee
what are some factors that contribute to susceptibility ?
drug availability
neighbourhood
criminality
broken home
parent child attachment
poor parenting style
What was tarter et al 2003 study ?
- rare longitudinal study
- followed children from 10 to 19
- split into high and low risk groups
- matched across household income, parent education, parent drug use
- Concluded that neurobehavioral disinhibition was greater in the high risk group and predicted illicit drug use
what is neurobehavioral disinhibition?
a composite score of :
- difficult temperament
- conduct disorder
- adhd
- depression
- disruptive behaviour disorders
- tests measuring low executive cognitive function
what do those at risk of drug abuse show?
disorganised behaviour possibly stemming from abnormality in the frontal cortex causing poor decision making
Who is Phineas gage?
1823 - 1860
Accident caused a large railroad spike to impale his head
Severe frontal lesion
Unreliable at work showed callous disregard
Preserved some intellectual function e.g memory but planning ability became very poor
Became alcoholic and hyper sexual
what associated PFC functions influence addiction behaviour ?
decision making
long term thinking
self control
impulsivity
risk taking tendencies
What is the Iowa gambling task ?
4 decks of cards with goal to win money
Pets told all calrds result in some level of reward
Occasionally choosing a card causes them to lose money
A and B are bad decks and C and D are good decks
In the Iowa task who frequently selects the high reward desk despite net loss of points?
Those :
- with frontal lesions
- in adolescence
- with a conduct disorder
- with adhd
- with SZ
- who indulge drugs of all classes
what did Bechara et al 2000 suggest?
Patients with PFC lesions do much worse than normal because they opt for high immediate gains despite higher future losses
What is the cause and effect of risky decision making?
seen in high risk children before any drug use
predicted the onset and magnitude of drug use
suggests PFC damage or dysregulation is a major susceptibility factor for becoming a drug user
what is the DSM drug dependence criteria?
- continued use of drugs even though known to cause trouble with family or friends
- job / study / troubles because of drug use - missing too much work, being demoted, being suspended, dropping out of school
- continued use of drugs even though known to cause a health problem
what behaviours does risky decision making predict?
- reward hypersensitivity
- reward hyposensitivity
- punishment insensitivity
- faulty error detection
What is punishment insensitivity ? (Deroshe Gamonet et al 2004)
Trained the rats to give themselves coke, then put them through withdrawal
Reintroduced coke and provided a cue that previously predicts coke delivery
Introduced a small experimental punishment (Small shocks) for relapsed rat
When animals keep wanted the coke even when paired with a shock
what is error detection?
addicts may have full knowledge of the adverse consequences of their drug taking but can not use this knowledge to correct their behaviour. ERP used to measure the responses of cocaine addicts to errors in their performance
what did error detection with cocaine show?
Reduced frontal activity in response to errors so there is reduced neural sensitivity to errors and less post error improvement in performance
Suggests that addicts may have less knowledge of their adverse consequences because of their behaviour and so less ability to use this knowledge to modify their behaviour
