caffeine Flashcards
what is the age of initial use of cannabis?
17 years old (brooks et al 1999)
What are the risk factors for cannabis? (Gruber and pope 2002)
Family disturbances, drug use by family/peers, school performance, age of onset
what is tolerance?
this is where you need a greater dose to achieve the same affect
what is the dependance of cafeinne?
difficulty stopping taking cannabis
craving for cannabis
withdrawal symptoms
what did Compton et al find? (1990)
tolerance observed following repeated administration of marijuana or pure thc
what did breivogel et al (1999) do to test tolerance ?
Daily injections of THC (10mg/kg) over 3 weeks
Progressive reduction in
- CB1 receptor density
- CB1 receptor activity
- Some brain areas totally desensitised in 3 weeks
what did kirk and de wit (1999) and lindgren et al (1981) find?
same “high” in light/infrequent users relative to heavy/frequent users
What did Buddy and Kouri et al do to test dependence ?
Abstinence triggers irritability, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, aggressiveness and decrease appetite
Resemblance nicotine withdrawal symptoms
Worst in first 2 weeks - can last over a month
what did animal studies show about precipitated withdrawal? (acetal 1996)
Rats given THC injections twice daily then given CB1 receptor antagonist
And had symptoms of hyperactivity
What did Fonseca 1997 say was a consequence of rats being stressed?
Increased corticotrophin - releasing hormone (CRH) in precipitated withdrawal rats
what is the treatment that was used for cannabis use disorder?
Cognitive behavioural therapy where ppts were rewarded with vouchers for providing cannabis free urine samples
what did Moore and budney say about treatment of cannabis use disorder?
significant relapse
what did Haney et al 2004 suggest about treatment of cannabis use disorder?
withdrawal symptoms may be eased by oral consumption of THC
what did lynsky & hall 2000 suggest about the behavioural affects of cannabis?
Chronic cannabis use associated with poor education performance so more negative attitudes about school, poorer grades and increased absenteeism
what is amotivational syndrome?
apathy : aimlessness, lack of productivity, long term planning and motivation
what did solowij et al 2002 state the cognitive effects were?
Standardised tests of learning, memory and attention where the long term user was deficient 1 and 7 days after exposure
what did pope et al 2001 state the cognitive effects were?
there is no difference between heavy users and controls after 28 days of abstinence and the cognitive deficits were linked to recent use that is reversible over time
where is there higher concentrations of carcinogens?
cannabis smoke than tobacco
how does cannabis affect the immune system? (cabreal & Pettit, 1998)
THC suppresses immune function and increases the risk of viral and bacterial infection
how does cannabis affect reproductive function? (Smith and Asch 1987)
smoking in women suppresses luteinising hormone release but can be tolerated and reduces sperm count in men but only in heavy users
how did they identify THC?
manufacture of synthetic compounds
what is dronabinol ?
antiemetic for chemotherapy
what is nabilone ?
appetite stimulate on AIDS patients
what chronic pains can cannabis treat?
multiple sclerosis
spinal cord injury
glaucoma
what is HU-211?
a cannabinoid that doesn’t activate CB1 receptors- no side effects, undergoing clinical trials
what are the sources of caffeine?
coffee, tea, chocolate, energy and carbonated drinks
what percent of people consume caffeine regularly?
80-90%
what is the average adult intake of coffee?
200-400mg
where is caffeine absorbed and how long does it take?
through the gastrointestinal tracts in about 30-60 minutes
how long is the plasma half life of caffeine?
4 hours
what converts caffeine to metabolites?
liver
how much caffeine is excreted in urine and faeces?
95% - urine
2-5% - faeces
and rest is saliva
what does caffeine block?
adenosine receptors in the brain
what effect does caffeine have on rats and mice?
biphasic effect
what did smith et al (1999) say about the behavioural effects of caffeine?
Low to intermediate doses results in a variety of positive subjective effects :
Increased alertness
Reduced tension
Reduced reaction time
what did grgic et al 2018/19/20 state about behavioural effects?
modest but significant benefits to muscle strength, power and endurance
what did elhaj 2021 state about behavioural effects?
Could be mediated by effects of alertness and reduced muscle tension, placebo effect
