exposure Flashcards
how many adults in 1196 tried illegal drugs?
30%
by 2000 how many adults tried illegal drugs?
33%
in the uk now how many adults have tried drugs?
38% age 16-59
in the USA now how many have tried drugs?
50%
what is the exposure model?
all people are at risk of becoming addicted to drugs are given sufficient exposure as drugs interact with and change which increases motivation
what is withdrawal?
physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person reduces or stops intake of a substance they are dependant on
how is withdrawal a form of negative reinforcement ?
the initial high exhausts the reward/pleasure regions of the brain and once the drug wears off the user goes into withdrawal
Why is relapse a withdrawal model issue ?
Stopping drugs under medical supervision but this doesn’t mean that they won’t relapse due to external cues
how does conditioning relate to withdrawal?
environmental stimuli such as the addicts bedroom are paired with withdrawal
learned associations to become triggers for withdrawal symptoms
subsequent exposure to these cues is then sufficient to elicit withdrawal and thereby precipitate relapse
thus conditioned withdrawal can explain relapse following primary withdrawal
what do reports suggest about conditioned withdrawal?
anecdotal reports from relapsed drug users suggest things are not always as predicted
How does aversion link to withdrawal model issues?
midbrain dopamine cells increase activity when humans or animals detect or consume both natural rewards and drugs of abuse
how is aversion linked to positive reinforcement ?
suggests that drugs of abuse hijack the brain substrate for reward/pleasure and are consumed because drug taking is positively reinforced
What is the opponent process model?
- initial positive experience
- subsequent negative experience
- with repeated use
- cycle of addiction
what is pharmacodynamic tolerance ?
this occurs when the drugs effects at the cellular or receptors level become less pronounced
what is pharmacokinetics?
this arises when the body becomes more efficient at metabolising or eliminating the drug
what is conditioned tolerance? (siegel 1983)
environmental cues associated with drug taking can elicit a drug opposite response which may be aversive and motivate drug taking to alleviate this state
what is positive conditioning?
Hogarth et al (2010)
data consistent with hypothesis drug cues prime drug taking by reminding the addict of the positive appetitive qualities of the drug
