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Biology - Y13 > Survival & Response, Nervous Coordination > Flashcards

Survival & Response, Nervous Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Detectable change in the environment

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2
Q

Simple reaction pathway? (7)

A
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3
Q

Why do organisms need to respond to changes in their environment? (4)

A
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4
Q
A

Directional movement of the whole organisms towards or away from stimulus

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Importance of earthworms moving away from light?

A
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What are the prefixes for these types of tropisms?

1) Salt
2) Gravity
3) Light
4) Water
5) Oxygen

A
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9
Q

Explain how positive phototropism occurs?

A
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10
Q

Explain how positive geotropism occurs?

A
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11
Q

Structure of motor neurone? (7)

A
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12
Q

Positive purposes of myelin sheath? (3)

A
  • Electrical insulation
  • Speeds up transmission
  • Protects axon of neurone
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13
Q

How does depolarisation occur? (3)

A
  • Membrane potential reaches threshold
  • Na+ channel protein opens which rapidly diffuse into cell
  • K+ voltage-gated channel protein is closed
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14
Q

How does repolarisation occur? (3)

A
  • Na+ voltage-gated channel protein closes
  • K+ channel protein opens so K+ diffuses out
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15
Q

Action potential graph?

A
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16
Q

Definition of refractory period?

17
Q

Factors affecting speed of conduction of impulses? Why? (3)

A
  • Myelin sheath cause saltatory conduction
  • Temperature - Increases kinetic energy so increase in rate of diffusion so increase in rate of conduction
  • Axon diameter - larger diameter, greater speed as larger membrane SA so more channel proteins
21
Q

Differences between neuromuscular junction and cholinergic synapse? (3)

A
  • Postsynaptic membrane has many folds so clefts have large SA so more enzymes
  • Post synaptic membrane has more receptors
  • Motor neurone always triggers a response - always excitatory
22
Q

What are the 2 types of summations?

A
  • Spatial summation
  • Temporal summation
23
Q

Difference between spatial + temporal summation?

A

Spatial - impulses from several neurones
Temporal - rapid impulses from 1 neurone

24
Q

What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Excitatory
  • Inhibitory
25
Q

Difference between excitatory + inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters make resting potential less -ve so less Na+ to reach threshold

Inhibitory makes resting potential hyperpolarised (more -ve) so less likely to reach threshold

Biology - Y13 (10 decks)

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