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Biology - Y13 > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Types of stem cells? Become what? (4)

A
  • Totipotent - ANY type
  • Pluripotent - MOST cell types
  • Multipotent - SOME types
  • Unipotent - 1 type
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2
Q

State 2 mutagenic agents?

A
  • High energy radiation
  • DNA reactive chemicals - benzene
  • UV Light
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3
Q

Definition of epigenetics?

A

Inheritable changes on gene expression without changes to DNA base sequences

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4
Q

Describe how altered DNA may lead to cancer? (5)

A
  • Mutation changes base sequence
  • Oncogene of tumour suppressor gene
  • Changes protein structure
  • TSG produces proteins that inhibits cell division
  • Uncontrolled cell division produces abnormal mass
  • Malignant tumour forms
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5
Q

Describe what is meant by a malignant tumour? (4)

A
  • Mass of undifferentiated/ unspecialised cells
  • Uncontrolled cell division
  • Forms new tumours
  • Spread to other parts of body
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6
Q

Explain why fragments of DNA from cancer cells may be present in blood plasma?

A

Cancer cells die/break open releasing DNA

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7
Q

Explain how the methylation of tumour suppressor genes can lead to cancer? (3)

A
  • Methylation of DNA prevents transcription of gene
  • Protein not produced prevents cell division
  • No control in mitosis
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8
Q

Describe how alterations to tumour suppressor genes can lead to the development of tumours? (4)

A
  • Increased methylation of TSG
  • Mutation in TSG
  • TSG isn’t transcribed OR amino acid sequence/tertiary structure is altered
  • Uncontrollable cell division
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9
Q
A
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10
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What does interfering RNA do? How? (2)

A

Targets specific mRNA sequences so genes are inhibited by:
- mRNA is hydrolysed by RNA hydrolase
- Inhibits initiation of ribosomal translation (ribosome doesn’t attach to mRNA)

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13
Q

What are the inheritable changes that inhibits transcription?

A
  • Increased methylation of DNA
  • Decreased acetylation of histones
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14
Q

What does acetylation cause?

A
  • Histones are less packed
  • Promotor region exposed
  • Transcription factor binds
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15
Q

What do these changes to a tumour suppressor gene cause?
- Methylation?
- Acetylation?

A
  • Increased methylation, increased cell division
  • Increased acetylation, decreased cell division
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16
Q

What do these changes to an oncogene cause?
- Methylation?
- Acetylation?

A
  • Decreased methylation, increased cell division
  • Decreased acetylation, decreases cell division

Biology - Y13 (7 decks)

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