SURVEYING CH 1 AND 2 Flashcards
Also called geomatics
surveying
the science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface, or establishing such points.
surveying
discipline which encompasses all methods for measuring and collecting information about the physical earth and our environment, processing that information, and disseminating a variety of resulting products to a wide range of clients.
surveying
earliest applications of surveying
measuring and marking boundaries of property ownership
is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to conduct one, or more, of the following activities;
surveyor
activities of a surveyor
• to determine, measure and represent the land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields and trajectories;
• to assemble and interpret land and geographically related information;
• to use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea and
any structures thereon; and,
• to ccnduct research into the above practices and to develop them.
Surveying Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers changed its name to
Geomatics Division
GIS
Geographic Information Systems
These computer-based enable virtually any type of spatially related information about the environment to be integrated, analyzed, displayed, and disseminated.
GIS
The science of surveying began in
EGYPT
Recorded that Sesostris divided the land of Egypt into plots
herodotus
early surveyors were called
rope stretchers
related the methods of surveying a field, drawing a plan, and making related calculation
Dioptra
1st pieces of surveying equipment
diopter
significant development in the art of surveying
practical minded romans
best known writing on surveying was by
frontinus
two general classification of surveys are
geodetic and plane
the curved surface of the earth is considered by performing the computations on an ellipsoid.
Geodetic surveying
are employed to determine relative positions of widely spaced monuments and to compute lengths and directions of the long lines between them
Geodetic methods
GPS
Global Positioning System
enable ground stations to be located precisely by observing distances to satellites operating in known positions along their
orbits
gps receivers
the reference base for field work and computations is assumed to be a flat horizontal surface
plane surveying
is considered parallel throughout the survey region, and all measured angles are presumed to be plane angles.
direction of a plumb line
is one of the world’s oldest and most important arts because, as noted previous’y-, from the earliest times it has been necessary to mark boundaries and divide land.
surveying
establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments that serves as a reference framework for initiating other surveys.
Control surveys
determine locations of natural and artificial features and elevations in map making.
Topographic surveys
establish property lines and property corner markers.
Land, boundary, and cadastral surveys
3 major categories
- original surveys
- retracement surveys
- subdivision surveys
to establish new section corners in unsurveyed areas
original surveys
to recover previously established boundary lines
retracement surveys
to establish monument and delineate new parcels of ownership.
subdivision surveys
define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs, and other bodies of water.
hydrographic surveys
are made to plan, design, and construct highways, railroads, pipelines, and other linear projects.
route surveys
provide line, grade, control elevations, horizontal positions, dimensions, and configurations for construction operations. They also secure essential data for computing construction pay quantities.
construction surveys
document the precise final locations and layouts of engineering works, and record any design changes that may have been incorporated into the construction.
As-built surveys
are performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and other operations associated with mining.
mine surveys
map property boundaries, solar access easement, position obstructions and collectors according to sun angles, and meet other requirements of zoning boards and title insurance companies.
solar surveys
also referred to as industrial surveying or optical alignment
optical tooling
is a method of making extremely accurate measurements for manufacturing processes where small tolerance are required.
optical tooling
utilized measurements made with ground-based equipment such as automatic levels and total station instruments.
ground surveys
may be accomplished by either photogrammetry or remote sensing.
aerial surveys
uses cameras that are usually carried in airplanes to obtain images, whereas remote sensing employs cameras and other types of sensors that can be transported either in aircraft or satellites.
photogrammetry
LIS
GIS
Land Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems
are relatively new areas of activity that rapidly assumed positions of major prominence in surveying.
LIS AND GIS
a network of horizontal and vertical control points, must be maintained and supplemented to meet requirements of increasingly higher-order surveys.
National Spatial Reference System
He was the author of several important treatises of interest to surveyors
Heron
for sighting
groma
an A-frame with a plumb bob for leveling
libela
horizontal straightedge about 20ft long with supporting legs and a groove on top for water to serve as a level
chorobates
