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Block 6 Week 4 > Survey of medical virology (-) strand RNA viruses > Flashcards

Survey of medical virology (-) strand RNA viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pro name for rabies virus?

A

rhabdoviridae

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2
Q

With negative sense RNA viruses, what must be included in the virion?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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3
Q

What is essential for the replication of RNA viruses in cytoplasma?

A

Viral encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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4
Q

What kind of virus is the rabies virus?

A

rhabdoviridae- lyssavirus- rabies virus

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5
Q

What is the ONLY medically important rhabdovirus?

A

rabies

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6
Q

What kind of range does rabies have?

A

broad host range, infects all mammals

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7
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

by the bite of a rabid animal (bats, raccoons, skunks)

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8
Q

How many cases of rabies are in the US?

worldwide?

A

less than 10 cases/yr

50,000 worldwide

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9
Q

What is the incubation period of rabies?

A

2 weeks to year

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10
Q

What are the 2 phases of rabies infection?

A

prodrome phase

neurological phase

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of the prodrome phase of rabies?

A

fever, nausea, headache, spread to CNS from muscle

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of the neurologica phase?

A

hydrophobia, anxiety, paralysis, coma, death (~100%)

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13
Q

If you have been bitten by a rabid animal what shoud you do?

A

get vaccine and human rabies IgG

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14
Q

How do you diagnose rabies?

A

cytologic detection of inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) or immunochemical detection of viral antigen in brain tissue

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15
Q

a 20-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his roommate because of numbness in his hand and arm, irritability, combativeness, and episodes of hyperactivity during the past week. He refuses to drink any liquids. He was bitten on the hand by a bat while trying to chase it out of his apartment about a month ago but didn’t seek medical attention. What is this?

A

Rhabdoviridae-lyssavirus-rabies virus

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16
Q

What kind of virus is Ebola and Marburg virus?

A

Filovirus

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17
Q

What does eboa and marburg virus cause and what is the mortality rate?

A

hemorrhagic fever

greater than 90% mortality

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18
Q

What is the likely reservoir for Ebola and Marburg virus?

A

bats

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19
Q

How is ebola and marburg virus transmitted?

A

by direct contact with contaminated body fluids

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20
Q

What does ebola and marburg virus infect?

A

infects macrophages and spreads via blood

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21
Q

Ebola and Marburg cause tissue destruction due to release of (blank) causing what?

A

cytokines

vascular permeability, hemorrhage and shock

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22
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Eboa and Marburg virus?

A

severe hemorrhagic fever
eventual bleeding into skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs
Death by multiorgan failure and shock

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23
Q

Is there a specific treatment or vaccine against ebola and marburg virus?

A

NO :(

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24
Q

How do you diagnose ebola and marburg virus?

A

immunoassay, PCR, serology

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of severe hemorrhagic fever?

A

sudden fever
headache
joint and muscle pain
vomiting diarrhea

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26
Q

A 55-year-old male native of Sudan is brought to Yambio Hospital with sudden onset of fever, muscle pain, and headache followed by intense weakness, vomiting and diarrhea. The patient was admitted to an isolation ward where his condition deteriorated with hemorrhage into the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. He died 12 hours later.
What is this?

A

Filovirus- Ebola and Marburg virus

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27
Q

What kind of virus is the influenza virus?

A

orthomyxovirus

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28
Q

How does the influenza virus replicate?

A

1 receptor mediated endocytosis

  1. segmented ribonucleoproteins released into the cytoplasm
  2. genoma transported to the nucleus
  3. replication and transcription
  4. viral mRNAs transported to the cytoplasm for translation
  5. early viral replication proteins transported back to the nucleus
  6. assembly and budding occurs at the PM
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29
Q

(blank) sickens and kills thousands/year; may cause pandemics

A

influenza

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30
Q

app. (blank) people die of influenze each year in the US

A

36,000

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31
Q

How is the influenza virus transmitted?

A

by respiratory droplets

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32
Q

Pandemics are caused by what strain of influenza?

A

A and B

C is milder infection

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33
Q

Which influenze virus is this:

16 antigenic types of HA and 9 types of (NA).

A

influenza A virus

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34
Q

What creatures can influenza A infect?

A

birds, chickens, pigs

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35
Q

what is an antigenic shift?

A

reassortment of segments of the genome RNA

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36
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

small mutations in the genome RNA

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37
Q

Antigenic changes to (blank) and (blank) causes epidemics and pandemics

A

HA and NA

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38
Q

Two surface glycoproteins of influenza virus are (blank and blank)

A

haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA),

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39
Q

After incubation period of 24-48 hours what will influenza virus make happen to you poor body?

A

fever, myalgia, headache, sore throat, and cough will develop suddenly

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40
Q

Who are at risk of dying via influenza virus?

A

elderly and those with cardiac or pulmonary disease at high risk

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41
Q

When will symptoms of influenza resolve? What might complicate this course?

A

4 to 7 days

pneumonia

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42
Q

Immunity against influenza virus depends on (blank).

A

secretory IgA targeting HA in the respiratory tract

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43
Q

How do you diagnose the flu?

A

on clinical grounds but lab tests are available

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44
Q

What are used for both the treatment and prevention of influenza?

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza)

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45
Q

how do you prevent Influenza virus?

A

VACCINE! (which is reformulated every ) which consists of influenza A and influenza B

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46
Q

A 70-year-old women with a history of congestive heart failure is seen in January by her primary care physician with an abrupt onset of fever, cough, and myalgia that requires hospitalization. Two days later, she experiences increasing cough and shortness of breath. Chest X-ray reveals lung infiltrates.
What is this?

A

Influenza virus

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47
Q

What kind of virus is measles virus?

A

parmyxovirus -morbillivirus- measles virus

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48
Q

Measles is a disease characterized by a (blan)

A

maculopapular rash

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49
Q

How is the measles virus transmitted?

A

respiratory droplets

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50
Q

Who estimates (blank) cases of measles each year worldwide

A

30 million

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51
Q

HOw does the measles virus work?

A

infects respiratory tract then spreads in blood via phagocytic cells

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52
Q

How long is the incubation period of measles and what happens after this is over?

A

10-14 days

fever, conjuctivitis, runny nose and cough followed by rash that spreads from face to extremities

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53
Q

Whats a symptom that is seen on the buccal mucosa and is associated with measles virus?

A

Koplick spots

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54
Q

How often do you get encephalitis from measles?

A

1 per 1000 cases of measles

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55
Q

How can you prevent meases?

A

vaccination with live attenuate virus

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56
Q

A 20-year-old college student is seen in the student health clinic with complaints of high fever, cough, and conjunctivitis. Physical examination reveals small vesicular lesions on an inflamed buccal mucosa and a rash on her face that is spreading to her trunk. She retuned from India 2 weeks earlier. She is unvaccinated because of a personal believe exception.

A

paramyxovirus-morbillivirius-measles virus

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57
Q

What type of virus is parainfluenza virus?

A

paramyxovirus

58
Q

What does PIV cause?

A

croup, laryngitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in children

looks like common cold in adults

59
Q

How are PIVs transmitted?

A

via respiratory droplets

60
Q

(blank) is main cause of croup in children younger than 5 years old

A

PIV 1 and PIV 2

61
Q

Croups is characterized by what?

A

barking cough and hoarsness

62
Q

PIV can cause a variety of respiratory diseases such as….?

A

cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia

63
Q

Where do you see PIV 3?

A

lower respiratory infections in children

64
Q

How do you diagnose PIV 3?

A

clinically

65
Q

A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department by worried parents because of a barking cough and inspiratory stridor that got worse at night. The present illness began 2 days earlier with a fever, sore throat, rhinorrhea, and mild cough. Finding on examination include a temperature of 102oF, tachypnea, wheezing, and respiratory distress

A

paramyxovirus-parainfluenza virus

66
Q

What kind of virus is the mumps?

A

paramyxovirus

67
Q

What do the mumps cause?

A

painful swelling of the parotid gland

68
Q

Mumps occurs primarily in (blank) and is transmitted via (blank)

A

childhood

respiratory droplets

69
Q

How many serotypes of mumps is there?

A

1

70
Q

Where does mumps infect primarily and where does it spread to?

A

upper respiratory tract, spread via blood to parotid glands, testes, ovaries, pancreas, and, in some cases, meninges

71
Q

How do you diagnose the mumps?

A

clinically

72
Q

Is there a high incidence of the mumps in the US?

A

no, it is low risk

73
Q

how do you prevent the mumps?

A

live attenuated virus

74
Q

A 7-year-old male is seen in the state health department clinic with fever, malaise, difficulty chewing and speaking, and salivary gland swelling and pain. His parents are migrant farm workers. There is no vaccination record. Physical examination is significant for a temperature of 102oF and unilateral parotitis.

A

Paramyxovirus-mumps

75
Q

What kind of virus is respiratory syncytial virus?

A

paramyxovirus

76
Q

RSV is the most common cause of what 2 things in infants?

A

pneumonia and bronchiolitis

77
Q

Who are susceptible to RSV?

A

Neonates, premature infacnts, and infants with cardiopulmonary diease are susceptible

78
Q

How is respiratory syncytial viruses transmitted?

A

via respiratory droplets

79
Q

How does RSV present in adults?

A

as common cold and bronchitis

80
Q

How does RSV present in elderly?

A

as pneumonia

81
Q

How does RSV present in infants?

A

pronounced cough and expiratory wheezing

82
Q

How can you check for RSV?

A

rapid antigen test in respiratory secretions

83
Q

How do you treat RSV?

A

with ribavirin for severly ill hospitalized infants
OR
with passive immunization

84
Q

A 6-week-old infant is brought to the pediatric clinic in respiratory distress. Physical examination is significant for diffuse expiratory wheezing and mild cyanosis. The chest X-ray is suggestive of bilateral pneumonia. The infant is admitted to the intensive care unit. Nasopharyngeal swab and nasopharyngeal washing are sent for culture and direct examination.

A

paramyxovirus-RSV

85
Q

What kind of virus is metapneumovirus?

A

paramyxovirus

86
Q

What is metapneumovirus a signif cause of?

A

acute respiratory diease in infants and children

87
Q

Metapneumovirus is second to RSV in causing (Blank) during winter months

A

bronchiolitis

88
Q

How does metapneumovirus spread?

A

respiratory droplets

89
Q

How does metapneumovirus clinically present?

A

causes mild respiratory infection in general community

90
Q

How do you detect metapneumoirus?

A

genome detection by PCR assay of respiratory secretions

91
Q

Is there a known treatment for metapneumovirus?

A

no known treatment

92
Q

An 11-month old male is seen in a pediatric practice in February with symptoms of a nonproductive cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, fever, and irritability. Physical examination was significant of a temperature of 101.5oF, rhinitis, and wheezing. A chest X-ray revealed pulmonary infiltrates. The child was admitted to the intensive care unit. Nasopharyngeal washings were negative for RSV.
What is this?

A

metapneumovirus

remember that RSV present very similiarly to metapneumovirus

93
Q

What kind of virus is the Hantavirus?

A

it is a bunyaviridae virus

94
Q

How do you get the hantavirus?

A

inhaled rodent feces and urine

95
Q

Where do you get hantavirus replication?

A

pulmonary capillary endothelial cells

96
Q

What can the hantavirus infect?

A

renal resulting in hantavirus fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) which is prevalent in Europe, Asia, Africa

Pulmonary resulting in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) found in US

97
Q

(blank) is endemic in deer mice in western US (new mexico, arizona)

A

HPS

98
Q

How does HPS present itself?

A

influenze like symptoms followed by respiratory failure

99
Q

HPS mortality rate is very high (35%) T or F?

A

T

100
Q

How do you detect HPS?

A

detect viral RNA in lung tissue, PCR, immunohistochemistry, IgM

101
Q

Is there a vaccine or effective drug against HPS?

A

nO

102
Q

An otherwise healthy 28-year-old male biology graduate student presented to the emergency department with sudden onset of high-grade fever, myalgia, cough, and dyspnea. His condition deteriorated rapidly, with the patient becoming hypoxic and requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest X-ray showed evidence of bilateral infiltrates. Patient history was significant for doing recent small mammal (including mice) field research in a Colorado research forest.

A

Bunyaviridae-Hantavirus

103
Q

What kind of virus is california encephalitis virus?

A

bunyviridae virus AND it is an arbovirus (mosquito)

104
Q

CE subtype that causes encephalitis is most often (blank)

A

La Crosse Viruse (LACV)

105
Q

What is the most common arboviral disease in US?

A

LACV-mediated encephalitis

106
Q

HOw prevelant is CEV?

A

about 70 cases a year and most cases in summer with kids under age of 16

107
Q

How does CEV present?

A

severe headache, fever, possibly vomiting and convulsions. Half the patients develop seizures

108
Q

What is the mortality rate of CEV and how do you diagnose it?

A

1% (aseptic meningitis)

serologically for IgM or IgG

109
Q

Is there a vaccine or effective drug against CEV?

A

no but if you are seropositive you are protected against reinfection

110
Q

What kind of virus is Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever?

A

Bunyaviridae

111
Q

Where is tickborne viral diseases common?

A

Africa, eastern Europe, Asia

112
Q

What is the mortality rate of Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever?

A

3-30%

113
Q

How do you get Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever?

A

handing infected mammals or humans

114
Q

What does Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever cause?

A

extensive liver damage (hepatomegaly)

115
Q

How does Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever present?

A

Initially: fever, headache, myalgia, dizziness, and mental confusion
Hemorrhagic Phase: bleeding from nose, GI, uterus, respiratory

116
Q

How do you diagnose Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever? How can you treat this?

A

serology

ribavirin may be helpful

117
Q

What kind of virus is Rift Valley Fever virus?

A

Bunyaviridae

118
Q

How is Rift Valley fever virus created?

A

it is mosquito-borne virus pathogenic primarily for domestic livestock

119
Q

Most human cases of Rift Valley Fever Virus are caused how?

A

zoonotic via infected livestock tissue

120
Q

Most causes of Rift Valley Fever Virus are found where?

A

sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt; many outbreaks

121
Q

What is the presentation of Rift Valley Fever Virus?

A

causes mild febrile illness

recovery is almost always complete

122
Q

What are some complications associated with Rift Valley Fever Virus?

A
  • retinitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever

- Permanent loss of vision (1-10% of retinitis cases) 1% of patients die.

123
Q

How do you diagnose Rift Valley Fever Virus?

A

viral isolation from tissues, or serological via ELISA

124
Q

What kind of virus is lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM)?

A

Arenaviridae virus

125
Q

How is LCM transmitted?

A

via aerosol inhalation, ingestion of contaminated food

126
Q

What are common resevoirs form LCM?

A

house mouse or hamsters

127
Q

T or F

LCM has a worldwide distribution with a low case fatality rate (<1%).

A

T

128
Q

T or F

Most LCM infections are asymptomatic

A

T

129
Q

What does LCM present like?

A

influenza like symptoms, fever, headache, stiff neck in minority of patients

130
Q

Is there a treatment or vaccine for LCM?

A

no treatment or vaccine

131
Q

How do you test for LCM?

A

serological testing for IgM or IgG is routine

132
Q

What kind of virus is Lassa Fever virus?

A

Arenaviridae virus

133
Q

How do you get Lassa Fever virus transmission?

A

Aerosol transmission or contract with rodent excretions OR person to person spread by contact with blood, secretions, excretions

134
Q

What is Lassa fever endemic to?

A

west africa (field rate is the reservoir (Lassa, Nigeria)

135
Q

How prevalent is Lassa Fever?

A

300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year

136
Q

What does Lassa Fever virus cause?

A

severe hemorhagic fever, myalgia, and severe prostration.

137
Q

Where does Lassa Fever virus enter the body?

Where does it spread to and how?

A

via skin abrasion or inhalation and replicates in lymph node. Viremia develops and spreads systemically via macrophages

138
Q

Is there a vaccine and how do you treat Lassa Fever virus?

A

no vaccine, ribavirin is useful treatment

139
Q

How do you test for Lassa Fever virus?

A

serologic testing for IgM or IgG

140
Q

What is prostration?

A

extreme exhaustion or lack of energy or power

141
Q

A 35-year-old female became ill with fever and flu-like symptoms after spending 4 months traveling on a medical mission to Nigeria. Her symptoms worsened upon returning to her home in New Jersey, where she sought treatment and was hospitalized for fever (103.6oF), headache, vomiting, and diarrhea leading to severe prostration. Her condition deteriorated and she was intubated and mechanically ventilated.
What is this?

A

Arenaviridae- Lassa Fever Virus

Block 6 Week 4 (9 decks)

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