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Block 6 Week 4 > Survery of Medical Virology- Aucoin (+ strand RNA viruses) > Flashcards

Survery of Medical Virology- Aucoin (+ strand RNA viruses) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three encapsulated +RNA viruses?

A

Toga
Flavi
Corona

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2
Q

What kind of virus is the rubella virus?

A

togavirus-rubivirus-rubella virus

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3
Q

How is rubella virus transmitted?

A

via respiratry droplets and mother to fetus transplacentally

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4
Q

CDC declared rubella eliminated from US in 2005, but it remains enemic in developing countries and is called (blank)

A

german measles

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5
Q

Where is the initial replication taking place in rubella virus?
Where does it spread to and how?

A

nasopharynx and local lymph nodes, spreads via blood to internal organs and skin

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6
Q

How does rubella present itself in children?

A

usually mild, symptoms including rash, low fever (<39 degree celcius) nausea and mild conjuctivitis

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7
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome causes significant (blank)

A

malformations (infection during pregnancy)

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8
Q

How do you diagnose Rubella virus?

A

detection of IgM or 4-fold rise in IgG titers

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9
Q

How do you protect yourself against Rubella and how long are you protected?

A

live attenuatd vaccine is protective for at least 10 years

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10
Q

A pregnant 16-year-old female living in Haiti is brought to the hospital in labor. The mother had a flu-like illness with a low-grade fever, maculopapular rash, and lymphadenopathy during the second month of pregnancy. On examination the baby has a blueberry muffin rash and cataracts.
What is this?

A

togavirus-rubivirus- rubella virus

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11
Q

(blank) are viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors.

A

Arbovirus

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12
Q

The word arbovirus is an acronym for what?

A

ARthropod-BOrne virus

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13
Q

What is a common vector for for arboviruses?

A

mosquitoes

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14
Q

What are the common clinical features of an arbovirus?

A

fever, headache, malaise…encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever may occur

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15
Q

What are the three arboviruses?

A

togaviruses
flaviviruses
bunyaviruses

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16
Q

What type of virus is Eastern equine encephaitis virus?

A

Togavirus-alphavirus-eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)

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17
Q

What kind of virus is EEE?

A

an arbovirus

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18
Q

How is EEE spread?

A

mosquitos transfer virus from wild birds (reservoir) to humans

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19
Q

What is the mortality rate of EEE?

A

33% mortality rate

0-4 cases per year, outbreaks can occur

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20
Q

EEE is prevalent in what population in the US?

A

in horses (i.e it is epizootic)

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of EEE?

A

severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, fever; changes in mental status, seizures and coma occurs

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22
Q

If you survive an EEE infection what will you be left with?

A

brain damage

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23
Q

How do you diagnose EEE?

A

isolating virus or detecting rise in antibody titer

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24
Q

Is there a way to prevent or treat EEE?

A

no (unless your a horse)

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25
Q

A 55-year-old man living on the Eastern Shore of Georgia is brought to the local health department clinic in August with a high fever, stiff neck, severe headache, and lethargy. Interestingly, there have been a number of deaths in horses from encephalitis in the region
What is this?

A

togavirus-alphavirus-EEE

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26
Q

What kind of virus is western equine encephalitis virus?

A

togavirus-alphavirus-WEE

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27
Q

WEE is an arbovirus T or F?

A

T

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28
Q

Where do you primarily see WEE?

A

west of mississippi and south america

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29
Q

How is WEE spread?

A

mosquitos transfer virus from wild birds (reservoir) to humans

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30
Q

What is the mortality rate of WEE

A

2%, 5-20 cases per year

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31
Q

Is WEE more serve or less severe than EEE?

A

less severe

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32
Q

How do you diagnose WEE?

A

by isolating virus or detecting rise in antibody titer

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33
Q

Is there an antivirus or vaccine available?

A

no (unless you are a horse)

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34
Q

What kind of viruse is the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus?

A

togavirus-alphavirus-VEE

and an arbovirus

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35
Q

How is VEE passed on?

A

mosquitos transfer virus from equines (horses) to humans

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36
Q

Where do you find VEE?

A

predominantly in south and central american but recently has spread to US

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37
Q

What are the signs of VEE infection?

A

flu-like symptoms, high fever, headache

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38
Q

When does VEE become fatal?

A

for people with weakened immune systems

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39
Q

Is there a vaccine for VEE?

A

YES for humans and horses

40
Q

Who are vaccinated against VEE in the US?

A

at risk military and laboratory personnel

41
Q

What kind of virus is Dengue virus?

A

Flavi-dengue virus

and it is an arbovirus

42
Q

Where do you find flavi-dengue virus?

A

endemic in SE asia, central and south america, and caribbean (not US)

43
Q

Is dengue common?

A

yes, infects 50-100 million a year

imported cases are common in US

44
Q

How many serotypes of dengue are there?

A

four serotypes

45
Q

What is the clinical presentation of dengue fever?

A

acute febrile, headache, retroocular pain, rash, myalgia and bone pain “breakbone fever” -rarely fatal

46
Q

What is the clinical presentation of dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

symptoms progress to prostration, GI, skin hemorrhage, shock and coma

47
Q

How do you diagnose dengue fever?

Is ther a vaccine or treatment?

A

IgM diagnosis

No

48
Q

A 24-year-old medical student is seen by her primary care physician because of sudden onset of fever (104oC), chills, severe headache/pain around the eyeballs, and muscle and bone pain. On examination she has a faint, generalized macular rash. She returned to the US 2 days earlier from a tropical medicine elective in the Caribbean islands.
What is this

A

Flavi-dengue virus

49
Q

What kind of virus is west nile virus?

A

flavi -west nile virus

and it is an arbovirus

50
Q

How is west nile transmitted?

A

bite of mosquitos, birds (crows) susceptible

51
Q

Who are at high risk of west nile virus?

A

children and elderly at higher risk

52
Q

How does west nile attack your body?

A

virus is innocuated into blood, spreads via monocytes/macrophages, brain is the target organ

53
Q

In 2012, WNV killed 286 people in the US, making the year the deadliest on record for the US

A

thats sad :(

54
Q

Less than (blank) percent of people with WNV are symptomatic with serious neurological illness.

A

1%

55
Q

What are the symptoms of WNV?

A

range from flu-like to encephalitis

-headache, nausea, high fever, malaise, myalgia, backache, neck stiffness.

56
Q

Is there a vaccine for WNV?

A

no vaccine and no specific treatment

57
Q

How do you diagnose WNV?

A

virus specific IgM in the serum or CSF

58
Q

A 70-year-old man from Minnesota was admitted to the hospital in August 2003 with complaints of fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, ataxia, and muscle weakness. According the the patient’s daughter, he had been healthy until 2 days ago when he complained of flu-like symptoms including fever, neck stiffness, and vomiting. His history was significant for hypertension. He has no recent travel outside the area, is retired, and is an avid fisherman. An epidemic of dead crows has been reported in the county.

A

Flavi- West nile virus

59
Q

What is St. Louis encephalitis?

A

a flaviviridae - st louis encephalitis

AND it is an arbovirus

60
Q

When do you typically have outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis?

A

outbreaks occur throughout US in late summer and early fall

61
Q

What country does St. Louis encephalitis effect mostly?

A

US

62
Q

What are the symptoms of SLE?

A

range from flu-like symtpoms to encephalitis

63
Q

What can cause this:

neuroinvasive infections headache, nausea, high fever, malaise, myalgia, backache, neck stiffness

A

SLE

64
Q

What is the mortality of SLE?

A

3-30% with elderly at risk

65
Q

How do you diagnose SLE?

A

serodiagnosis of IgM in serum or CSF

66
Q

A 67-year-old man from Florida was admitted to the hospital in September with symptoms of high fever, headache, neck stiffness and disorientation. the patient was well until 3 days ago when he developed a mild flu-like illness. He works part time in the evenings for a landscaping firm. West Nile virus IgM assay of the CSF were negative.

What is this?

A

SLE

67
Q

What kind of virus is yellow fever virus?

A

flavi- yellow fever virus

and it is an arbovirus

68
Q

Where do you find Yellow fever virus?

A

endemic to Africa and South america (not us)

69
Q

WHO estimates that yellow fever causes (blank) illness and (blank) deaths every year in unvaccinated populations (90% in africa)

A

200,000

30,000

70
Q

What can yellow fever cause?

A

hemorrhagic fever caused by jaundice, fever, headache, myalgia, black vomit, hemorrhages

71
Q

What is the mortality rate of yellow fever virus?

A

20-50%

72
Q

How do you diagnose yellow fever?

A

serodiagnosis by detection of IgM

73
Q

Is there a treatment or vaccine for yellow fever?

A

there isnt a treatment but there is a highly effective live attenuated virus vaccine

74
Q

What kind of virus is Hep C?

A

Flavi-hep C virus

75
Q

How do you transmit HCV?

A

parentally

76
Q

Who are at high risk for Hep C virus?

A

Iv drug users and organ transplant recipients

77
Q

What Is the worldwide distribution of Hep C virus?

A

130-200 million infected

78
Q

HCV associated (blank) is most common indication for a liver transplant

A

cirrhosis

79
Q

HCV infects (blank); liver injury from CTLs

A

hepatocytes

80
Q

Primary infection of HCV are either (blank) or (blank)

A

asymptomatic or may cause mild illness

81
Q

What are the symptoms of acute infection of HCV?

A

decreased appetite, fatigue, nasua, muscle’/joint pain, weight loss

82
Q

What is characteristic of chronic hepatitis?

A

develops in 75% of patients and they may progress to cirrhosis

83
Q

Liver cirrhosis patients are predisposed to (blank)

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

84
Q

How do you diagnosis HCV?

A

serology or RT-PCR for virion RNA

85
Q

How do you treat HCV?

A

Sovaldi (inhibits HCV polymerase), IFN, Ribavirin

no vaccine is available

86
Q

A 58-year-old white male is seen by his primary care physician with complaints of fever, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Past history is significant for injection drug use and alcohol abuse. On examination, he has a fever, hepatomegaly, an is icteric. Hepatitis B (HBV) serology was negative.

A

Hep C virus

87
Q

Whats second to rhinovirus in causing common colds?

A

coronavirus (separate from SARS)

88
Q

What kind of virus is a coronavirus?

A

coronaviridae

89
Q

What does the coronavirus cause?

A

SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

90
Q

How do you transmit the corona virsu?

A

respiratory aerosol

91
Q

Cold caused by coronaviruses result in what kind of symptoms?

A

runny nose
sore throat
low grade fever

92
Q

Coronovirus infection is limited to the (blank) cells of the respiratory tract`

A

mucosal cells

93
Q

What are SARS symptoms like (caused by corona virus)?

A

Flu-like, fever, dyspnea, hypoxia

94
Q

atypical pneumonica caused by (blank) is characterized by diffuse edema resulting in hypoxia.

A

SARS

95
Q

In July 2003, a 40-year-old male business man contacted his family physician by telephone with complaints of high fever and shortness of breath. He told the physician that 10 days earlier he had retuned from a business trip to Hong Kong and was worried he may have gotten sick there. The man was admitted to an isolation room in the hospital. On physical examination, he had a fever of 101oF, dyspnea, a dry cough, and bilateral lung infiltrates seen on chest radiograph.

A

coronaviridae-coronavirus

Block 6 Week 4 (9 decks)

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