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Block 6 Week 4 > Basic Bacteriology-Sterilization, Disnfection, and Containment > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology-Sterilization, Disnfection, and Containment Flashcards

1
Q

What is this:

use of physical or chemical agent to destroy all microbial forms, including spores

A

sterilization

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2
Q

What is this:
use of physical or chemical agents to destroy most microbial forms; bacterial spores or other relatively resistant organisms may remain viable

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

What is this:

use of chemical agents on skin or other living tissue to inhibit or eliminate microbes; no sporicidal action is implied

A

Antisepsis

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4
Q

What is this:

a general term describing a chemical agent, usually with a broad spectrum, that inactivates microbes

A

biocide

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5
Q

What are the factors influencing disinfectent potency?

A
  • concentration
  • time
  • pH
  • temperature
  • presence of extraneous materials
  • microorganism
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6
Q

What is the relationship between concentration and time required to kill?

A

inverse correlation

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7
Q

pH can dramatically influence potency. T or F?

A

T

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8
Q

Kill rate (increases/decreases) with temperature

A

increases

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9
Q

What can extraneous materials do to disinfectants?

A

bind or inactive the disinfectant

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10
Q

WHat is the most resistant pathogen to antiseptics and disinfectants? What is the least resistant?

A

prions

Lipid enveloped viruses

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the antiseptic/disinfectant Ethylene Oxide and Aldehydes?

A

alkylate and cross-ink macromolecules, e.g. protein, DNA, or RNA

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12
Q

What is and what kind of product is formaldehyde?

A

used for environmental decontamination; used in gaseous form or dissolved in water. It is an aldehyde

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13
Q

What is and what kind of product is Glutaraldehyde?

A

a chemical sterilizer used on equipment and it is an aldehyde

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14
Q

What is Ethylene Oxide?

A

a gaseous sterilization of heat sensitive materials

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15
Q

What are three oxidizing agents?

A

ozone
hydrogen peroxide
peracetic acid

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16
Q

What do oxidizing agents do?

A

they oxidize proteins; DNA breakage

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17
Q

What does ozone do?

A

disinfects air systems

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18
Q

What does hydrogen peroxide do?

A

cleanses wounds, disinfects implants, prostheses

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19
Q

What does peracetic acid do?

A

chemical sterilant

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of halogens?

A

Oxidizes proteins

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21
Q

What are 2 halogens?

A

Iodine

Chlorine

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22
Q

What does Iodine do?

A

skin disinfection

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23
Q

What does chlorine do?

A

chemical decontamination

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phenolic compounds?

A

Disrupt lipid containing membranes; denature proteins

25
Q

What are 2 phenolic compounds?

A

Chlorhexidine

Triclosan

26
Q

What does Chlorhexidine do?

A

skin disinfection

27
Q

What does Triclosan do?

A

antibacterial soaps; innumerable other uses

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of quaternary ammonium compounds?

A

surfactant-amphoteric properties disrupt membranes

29
Q

What is an example of a quaternanry ammonium compound?

A

Benzalkonium chloride

30
Q

What does Benzalkonium chloride do?

A

skin disinfection; hard surface cleaning (lysol is an example)

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alcohols?

A

denature proteins

32
Q

What is an example of an alcohol?

A

isopropyl alcohol

33
Q

What does isopropryl alcohol do?

A

Skin decontamination; disinfection (i.e thermometers)

34
Q

How can you get intrinisc resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants?

A

physiological adaptation -biofilms

variable among microbes

35
Q

How can you get acquired resistance to antiseptics an disinfectants?

A

inativation of agent
efflux of agent
decreased uptak

36
Q

What kind of agents can get inactivated by pathogens?

A

chlorhexidine
formaldehyde
mercurials

37
Q

What kind of agents get inactivated by efflux of agent?

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Chlorhexidine

38
Q

What kind of agents get inactived by decreased uptake?

A

silver compounds

39
Q

What temperature is required to kill most pathogenic bacteria?

A

60 degrees celcius

40
Q

What temperature is required to kill vegetative forms of all bacteria and fungi?

A

80 degrees celcius

41
Q

What temperature is required to kill spores of pathogens?

A

100 degrees celcius

42
Q

What temperature is required to kill all bacterial spores?

A

120 degrees celcius

43
Q

What temperature is required to pasteurize?

A

72 degrees celcius

44
Q

What temperature is required to boil?

A

100 degrees celcius

45
Q

What temperatures is required to autoclave (stem under pressure)?

A

120 degrees celcius

46
Q

What temperature is required to dry heat?

A

180 degrees celcius

47
Q

What is the hottest way to kill pathogens?

A

incineration

48
Q

What are 2 physical agents to kill or remove microbes?

A

radiation

filtration

49
Q

What are the 2 types of radiation?

A

UV irradiation

Ionizing radiation

50
Q

What are examples of UV irradiation?

A

Sunlight, UV lights

51
Q

When should you use UV irradiation?

A

control of airbone or surface contamination (poor to no penetration of solids)

52
Q

What are examples of Ionizing radiation?

A

X-ray and gamma emitters

53
Q

When should you use Ionizing radiation?

A

sterilization of small heat-sensitive articles

54
Q

What does filtration do?

A

filter sterilization of heat-labile liquids (no removal of viruses or other small forms from liquids)
HEPA filtration of air (quite effective, even for viruses)

55
Q

What biosafety level is this:
work involves well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in human adults
Basic level of containment (work conducted on open benches)
Relies on standard microbiological practices
No special barriers
Lab personnel have specific training or are supervied by scientist with training

A

Biosafety level I (BSL-1)

56
Q

What biosafety level is this:
involves broad spectrum of indigenous moderate-risk agents (Hep B, HIV, Solmonellae)
Lab hazard is associated with percutaneous exposure, ingestion, or mucous membrane exposure
Lab personnel have spec training are are directed by competent scientists.
Access to lab is limited
Biohazard signs are up
Extreme precautions taken with sharps
Use biological safety cabinet

A

Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

57
Q

What biosafety level is this:

  • indigenous or exotic agents w/ potential for aerosal transmission; disease have serous or lethal consequences
  • Laboratory personnel have spec training and are supervised by scientists who are experienced in working with these agents
  • all procedures involving manipulation of infectious agents are done in a biosafety cabinet or other physical containment devices
  • the laboratory has special engineering and design features, including security
A

Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

58
Q

What biosafety level is this:
Work done w/ dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individua risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infection and life-threatening disease
-laboratory staff have specific and extensive training
-access to laboratory is highly controlled
- facility is isolated and has special engineering and design features to prevent spread outside facility
-All activity confined to class III biological safety cabinets (fully self contained) or class II cabinets with personnel using positive pressure suits ventilated by a life support system.

A

Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4)

Block 6 Week 4 (9 decks)

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