Surveillance & Screening

Question 1

“To determine the extent and risk of disease, so prevention and control measures can be applied effectively and efficiently” is the objective of ____

Answer 1

Surveillance

Question 2

The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health data essential to the evaluation of public health practice

Answer 2

Surveillance

Question 3

“Good _____ does not necessarily ensure the making of right decisions, but it reduces the chances of making the wrong one.” -Alexander Langmuir, founding director of CDC’s Epidemic Intelligence Service

Answer 3

Surveillance

Question 4

**The usual level, incidence or prevalence of a given disease in an area or population

Answer 4

Endemic

Question 5

**The occurrence in a community, population, or geographic region of cases of a disease or health condition clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Sometimes referred to as an outbreak when geographic region is very limited

Answer 5

Epidemic (AKA “outbreak”)

Question 6

**This is an epidemic occurring globally or over a very wide area and usually affecting a large proportion of the population (majority of the population susceptible)

Answer 6

Pandemic

Question 7

Prior to COVID, the last world-wide pandemic was the ____

Answer 7

2009-2010 H1N1 Influenza pandemic

Question 8

The study of a disease cluster or epidemic in order to control or prevent the further spread of disease in a population

Answer 8

Outbreak Epidemiology

Question 9

The application of a test to people who are asymptomatic for the purpose of classifying them w/respect to their likelihood of having a particular disease; with the objective of delaying the onset of symptomatic or clinical disease or to improve survival

Answer 9

Screening

Question 10

For screening to be successful, you need (3) suitable components:

Answer 10

1. Suitable disease
2. Test
3. Screening program

Question 11

These guidelines published by the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recommend or advise against a preventative service, and provide levels of certainty regarding net benefit of a preventative service or screening

Answer 11

Grade Definitions

Question 12

The ACCURACY of the measure. Are you measuring what you want to measure?

Answer 12

Validity

Question 13

The measure of CONSISTENCY. Is the test repeatable and do you get the same result from repeated testing?

Answer 13

Reliability

Question 14

**Which is more important in clinical practice, Validity or Reliability?

Answer 14

Validity

Question 15

Validity is measured by comparing results of the screening test with…..

Answer 15

…the results of a more definitive test, known as a “gold standard”

Question 16

The extent to which the results of a screening test agree with the “gold standard” is measured by the ____ and _____ of the test

Answer 16

sensitivity and specificity

Question 17

The ability of a measure to correctly identify those who HAVE a disease

Answer 17

Sensitivity

Question 18

The ability of a measure to correctly identify those WITHOUT the disease

Answer 18

Specificity

Question 19

Most tests don’t have both high sensitivity and specificity, but it is better to have high _____

Answer 19

Sensitivity, so no positive cases are missed. Once identified positive, they can take another test w/high specificity to confirm

Question 20

The proportion of those who test positive and who actually have the disease

Answer 20

Positive Predictive Value (PPV or PV+). The value closer to 1.0 or 100% is more accurate.

Question 21

The proportion of those who test negative and who actually do not have the disease

Answer 21

Negative Predictive Value (NPV). The value closer to 1.0 or 100% is more accurate.