Infectious Disease Flashcards
He invented the first microscope and described how cocci, bacilli and spirochetes can be found in rainwater and human excretions.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
He invented the COMPOUND microscope which is still used today.
Hooke
Get a good look, Hooke
He found that the emergent growth of bacterium in nutrient broths is not due to spontaneous generation but rather to biogenesis, AKA “germ theory”
Louis Pasteur
This theory states that microorganisms were the cause of infectious disease.
“Koch Postulates” by Robert Koch
He transmitted anthrax from sick cows to mice, then demonstrated that he could pass the disease from one mouse to another.
Koch
Considered the father of microbiology
Koch
He discovered anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera
Koch
Name the 3 criteria for eradication of the AGENT/MICROORGANISM:
- Lack of an animal reservoir; only reservoir is a human host
- Only one causative agent or stereotype
- Short incubation period
Name the 4 factors associated with potential eradication of the HOST/POPULATION:
- Protection or immunity can be demonstrated
- Host cannot be re-infected with the agent
- Host cannot shed the organism once infection resolved
- Public acceptance of the vaccine and other control measures is high
These are the 6 factors associated with which element of potential eradication?
- Ease of dx and tx
- Low prevalence of subclinical disease
- High disease burden and economic impact
- Immunity is long term or lifelong
- _____ cannot be reactivated
- _____ has predictable seasonality
Disease
These are 6 factors associated with ______ required for potential eradication:
- Can confer long-lasted protection in just a few injections
- Minimal handling and storage requirements
- Simple administration
- Can be administered simultaneously w/other vaccines or adapted to childhood vaccine schedules
- Few adverse effects
- Low cost to produce and purchase
Vaccination
The CDC established this center to address emerging infectious diseases
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Both Ebola and Zika are from this family of virus
Filoviridae
4/5 of this viruses strains occur in an animal host native to Africa. This disease outbreak occurred in West Africa during 2014-2016.
Ebola
This virus was first discovered in a monkey in Uganda in 1947 and has caused microcephaly birth defects and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Zika
In 2016, the CDC activated the _____ to respond to outbreaks of Zika in the Americas
Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
An illness that has been associated with diseases such as polio and Guillain-Barre syndrome
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Name the 6 links of Smith’s Chain of Infection:
- Infectious Agent
- Reservoirs
- Portals of Exit
- Mode of transmission
- Portals of Entry
- Hosts
This link in Smith’s Chain of Infection can be a bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa, or rickettsia.
Infectious Agent
This link in Smith’s Chain of Infection is a place where organisms live or hibernate but do not cause disease. The most common examples are humans, animals, or the environment such as soil or water. In healthcare, this can be on medical equipment.
Reservoirs
This link in Smith’s Chain of Infection is the agent’s mechanism to leave its reservoir. Common examples in humans include excretions, secretions, and blood. For C. Botulinum spores, this is through food grown in the soil.
Portal of Exit
**This link in Smith’s Chain of Infection includes examples such as direct person to person contact, indirect transmission through exposure to a contaminated vehicle or inanimate object, or through the air. This link can be broken through the use of hand hygiene, PPE, and appropriate cleaning/disinfection.
Modes of Transmission
This link in Smith’s Chain of Infection include examples such as eyes, nose, mouth, genitalia, and broken skin.
Portal of Entry
This is the last link in Smith’s Chain of Infection and certain populations are at higher risk of developing infectious disease d/t immunosuppression, age, nutrition, medications, chronic diseases and lack of natural or heard immunity.
Host
In 1996, this system was established for the purpose of monitoring trends in the prevalence of ABX resistance among bacteria isolated from humans, retail meats, and food animals; disseminating public health info on abx resistance; promoting interventions that reduce resistance among enteric bacteria; and forming the approval process for the use of abx agents in veterinary medicine.
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)
Name the 5 ways in which antibiotics are misused in humans
- Given when they are not needed
- Continued when they are no longer necessary
- Given at the wrong dose
- Broad spectrum agents are used to treat very susceptible bacteria
- The wrong abx is given to treat an infection
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was caused by antibiotics being used in this way:
Using certain antibiotics in animal feed
An example of overuse of abx in the animal population can be seen with the use of ______ in poultry leading to increased resistance in animals and then humans to this class of drugs among human Campylobacter isolates. This led to the FDA withdrawing approval for the use of these drugs in poultry.
Fluroquinolones
The Obama administration released a ________ to combat abx-resistant bacteria in 2015.
National Action Plan
The CDC has instituted the ____ program to improve the awareness and practice related to antibiotics and prescribing practices.
“Get Smart” program
The first step of the culturing process and provides important information for clinicians or epidemiologists, which can help identify potential causative agents r/t an outbreak exposure or for early treatment.
Gram staining
_____ is the KEY because treatment options are limited and the mortality can be high.
PREVENTING the spread of bacterial agents
These gram-negative organisms are resistant to ALL current antibiotics and allows a resistant gene to transfer easily from one cell to another. The mortality rate is very high (as much as 80%) w/no abx tx available.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriacease (CREs)
