Surveillance (Ana) Flashcards
Aims of surveillance
- predict, observe, minimise harm cause by outbreak, epidemic, pandemic
- ^ knowledge of factors impacting these circumstances
- monitor freedom from dz status
Where does a lot of UK lamb come from?
New Zealand (insufficient grown here, and cheaper)
African swine fever info
- wild boar reservoir
- present in Europe and spreading
Advantages of surveillance at the abbattoir
- early detection of emerging transboundary dz (eg. FMD detected at abbattoir not on farm)
- monitoring and controlling endemic dz
- combine active and passive disease
- access to many farms at one point (cost effective )
- assessment health status animal populations (only certain animal or age groups)
- disease eradication programme
- foodborne pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella pigs) and AMR
- Moniotr wildlife associated disease
- assessment of effectiveness Tx
- ascertain freedom from dz
How do farm and abbattoir communications
> farm - notifiable disease inc zoonoses - vet Tx > abbattoir - FCI - am/pm inspection (notifiable, zoonotic, animal health and welfare, testing - TSEs,residues, contaminants, microbes, AMR eg. Aujeskys, brucellosis) > retail - testing (residues, contaminants,microbes,AMR)
2 reasons for identifying notifiable diseases?
- detecting outbreaks or emerging dz
- TB slaughterhouse from new farms
- bovine brucellosis/swine Aujeskys dz to demonstrate freedom - ID + farms/animals during ongoing dz control
- TB suspect animals, TSEs scrpaie BSE etc.
- for these monitoring is risk based so level of monitoring decreases as risk decreases
Why may the abbattoir be so key with some diseases ?
> only point of surveillance!!
Who is responsible for actions during Anthrax APHA supervision
- local vet inspector (LVI) for anthrax investigation
- FBO for cleaning and disinfecting site
- LVI pending investigation - detain carcass and organs
- FBO disposal of cascass and organs (cat 2 ABP byproduct)
Notifiable diseases at slaughter level
- anthrax
- bovine brucellosis (male breeding bull with ascites, abortions? Maybe)
- EBL enzootic bovine leukosis (any tumour except haemagioma and papilloma)
- TSEs transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
- bovine TB
- warble fly
> animal health act 1981
> regulations under EU communities act
Anthrax
> live animals
- suspect anumals and those in direct contact to be detained, isolated and reported to APHA
sudden death
- any sudden death SHOULD NOT BE OPENEND (risk of formation of highly resistant anthrax spores)
- whole abbattoir closed and cleaned cannot kill more
- recent case 1st since 2006, spontaneous bleeding and sporulation of spores on contact with air)
Bovine brucellosis
- free since 1985 > farms under restriction by APHA certain forms - inconclusive/positive reactors - contact with confirmed cases > instruction s - slaughter separately - sample paired LNs (retropharyngeal, ssupramammary, inguinal) - avoid risk of contamination
EBL - which age group most likely to be affected? Notifiable disease? Where does it usually affect?
- usually affects LNs
- ALL tumours in cattle are notifiable with some exceptions (PAPILLOMA and HAEMANGIOMA)
> report to APHA, sampling by FSA or VO - suspect >24 months (2nd pair incisors erupted) test LNs : slaughter as normal and PME but offal, carcasse, hide and blood must be detained -> category 2 if test positive
- if
Surveillance of bovine TB
> passive compulsory slaughter (TB restricted farms)
- Reactors
- inconclusive reactors
- direct contacts
active slaughterhouse cases (TB status unknown)
- suspect emaciation animals (could be TB or something else maybe Johnes?? echo) - suspect lesions in carcasse or organs at PM
How have TBsuspect cases at slaughter changed over time?
Increase
- suspect cases mirrors positive culture
BSE prevalence change over time. How is it monitored?
- dramatic decrease BUT case confirmed recently in 6yo cow (not sure how it got it - vertical transmission?)
- active surveillance by testing of fallen stock (knacker yard level)
Which flying parasite is notifiable? Effects?
> hypoderma bovis
- notifiable, free since 1990
- all imports to UK must be treated
- causes loss of condition
- if suspected in live animal/carcasse OV to notify VO (???) AHPA
if slaughtered before VO arrival carcass, hide and ear tag to be detained + 7ml cloted blood (if AM) or blood from body cavity, carcasse and hide (if PM)
- collect warble fly larvae for ID
What is AUJESKYS ? Is it endemic UK?
- PSeduorabies in pigs
- freedom form dz in UK
- serum sample submitted from every slaughtered breeding boar
- samples -> APHA
Which notifiable diseases would you test for in animal DOA. Or DIL
- anthrax
- TSEs if over 48 months
How are non-notifiable diseases managed?
- PM findings and rejections recorded by OV/FSA team
- CCIR feedback
Eg. Liver fluke, cysticercosis
How has voluntary disease surveillance by meat industry changed Enzootic Pneumonia and lung abscses in pigs over time
- Ireland prevalence decreases
- UK and Wales increase
> may be biased reported
Outline lifecycle of trichinella spp?
> domestic cycle
> sylvatic cycle
Trichinella surveillance
> mandatory testing
- wild boar any age wild or farmed testing
- sows and boars
- solipeds (horse) (even if meat frozen)
- all pigs not reared in controlled housing condition : FCI data check
exception meat from domestic swine that have received freezing Tx: BUT THIS NOT APPLICABLE TO WILD BOAR OR SOLIDS TEST ALL
Is trichinella present in UK?
Not in pigs, some foxes
- not recognised by EU officially
How is ABX Resistance monitored?
> monitor resistance and trends in FPAs and food
- salmonella
- campy
- commensal E. Coli
- extended spectrum B-lactamase producing bacteria (ESBLs)
Integration of surveillance systems NARMS
- USA
What is surveillance
- epidemiology of spread of disease monitoring
- establish patterns of progression
outline roles and responsibilities of the farmer FBO, farm vet, OV, abattoir FBO, APHA duty VO
> FBO farm
- report outbreaks, animal health and welfare issues
farm vet
- residues of vet medicines and animal health and welfare
OV (FSA)
- animal disease and welfare reporting, decisions on slaughter line
FBO abattoir
- food chain information, traceability, animal health and welfare
Duty VO
- animal dz investigation and lab testing
AM signs suspicious of anthrax - what actions should you take at this point?
- sudden death
- pyrexia
- shivering, twitching, fits
- bright staring eyes, colic
- blood in nostrils, dung
> suspect animals and direct contact detained, isolated and reported to APHA immediately
> Do not open carcasse - spores
How do you proceed with potential EBL case?
- all tumours notifiable (accept heamaniosarc and papilloma)
- if 2years sampling of tumours, enlarged LNs etc. and carcase/offal detained pending test results
How is brucellosis tested for? Actions taken?
- sampling paired Lns
- deep inguinal and report tract organs of bulls only
- if typical lesions found whole carcasse unfit for human consumption
- if no lesions observed udder genital tract and blood declared unfit but rest of carcsse ok
How are TB cases dealt with?
- compulsory slaughter do at separate abattoir or t end of day
- slaughterhouse cases only detain cascade for sampling and PME
- cleaning and disinfection of premises mandatory
