NEB Flashcards
What 2 syndromes must be considered wrt NEB?
- ketosis
- fat mobilisation syndrome
> 1* v 2* - eg. LDA -> 2* ketosis (but also ketosis PDF LDA!)
- eg. Metritis -> 2* ketosis (and vice versa)
- eg. 1* ketosis d/t insufficient nutrient supply
What substances are important wrt NEB?
- glucose (C6)
- C3 molecules (building Blocks)
- kerbs citric acid cycle
- gluconeiogensis
- vitamins and coenzymes for gluconeiogensis
When will glucose levels be insufficient?
Early lactation
What initiates gluconeiogensis and lipolysis?
Hypoglycaemia
What is glucose necessary for?
Vital for brain and milk yield (milk yield insulin independent)
- other organs insulin dependent
Krebs cycle - how do ketone bodies form?
- B oxidation of fatty acids releases Acetyl CoA molecules
- these enter the Krebs cycle to join with C4 making C6.
- if shortage of C4 ketone bodies produced to use up excess CoA
Consequences of
- glucose deficient -> mobilisation of reserves -> BOTH fat and protein
- fat cow skinny cow pendulum (overconditioned -> NEB -> skinny-> poor fertility -> long dry period -> overconditioned) INIEFFICIENT
Do cows get ketoacidosis?
No rare cf, cats etc.
- ketosis complex
What is ketosis complex?
- excessive build up of ketone bodies in blood d/t accumulation of acetyl-coA
- ketones elevation v appetite (vicious cycle)
- also called acetonaemia.. NOT THE SAME AS ACIDOSIS
- cows don’t develop ketoacidosis (cats do)
> change in volatile fatty acid composition d/t high carbs etc. causes acidosis NOT ketones!!! OPPOSITE THIGNS
How common is ketosis complex?
- post partum 2-10w after calving
- lactation incidence 3-7%
- sub clinical ketosis much higher esp if poorly managed
- hypocalceamia, hypomagnesaemia, RFM, lameness, twin carrying cows
How can ketosis be divided?
- 1* v 2*
- neurological v wasting form
What is 1* ketosis
= starvation ketosis
- voluntary feed intake not meeting energy demands
- excessive catabolism
- sometime d/t specific deficient (choline, biotin, Vit B12)
Causes of 2* ketosis
- any condition causing loss of appetite
- LDA/RDA
- endometriosis
- lameness
- mastitis (usually picked up)
What is the wasting form of ketosis
- gradual reduction in appetite (esp refusing to eat concentrates)
- marked loss of body weight
- firm, dry feaces
- occasional transient bouts of staggering (can dip in and out of NEURO form)
How is the neurological form of ketosis complex identified?
- sudden onset abnormal behaviour
- walk in circles, aimless wandering, head pushing, apparent blindness
- develop depraved appetite, lick things, chewing
- hyoeraesthesia
- uncoordinated gait
+- 10% if ketosis cows get this
Diagnosis of ketosis
- clinical signs
- blood glucose low
- blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)
>1.4mmol/l subclin
> 2.5mmol/l Clin - milk and urine ketone levels
- serum NEFAs elevated
Why do cows not get ketoacidosis ?
50% levels cf. cats so not high enough to cause acidosis
Tx ketosis
- IV dextrose (glucose) 100g quick
- IV dextrose (glucose) 200d slow drip
- steroids (NB: -> v milk yield, abortion though these cows empty so less of a problem)
- appetite stimulants eg. transfaunation
- propylene glycol 250ml BID unti the cow fights you off!
Other names for fatty liver syndrome
- fat cow syndrome
- fat mobilisation syndrome
Causes of fatty liver syndrome
- excessive weight loss
- fat mobilised as NEFAs (lipase) deposited
- can also become ketones, ATP, VLDLs but accumulates in liver
Common presentation of fatty liver syndrome
- fat cow (>4 BCS)
- or very quickly losing weight cow
- inappetence or anorexia
- recumbent, NEURO signs and death
- typically have concurrent condition (RFM, endometrittis,, although low grade in severity, no response to Tx)
When will a fat cow get skinny if pregnant?
Last few weeks of gestation - periparturient
- should not be fat when calving down!!!
How is FLS related to pregnancy toxaemia?
- start last weeks gestation
- most prevalent around parturition
- twins
- v feed intake
- fat
- cattle and sheep
Which cattle are PDF pregnancy toxaemia?
Beef or dairy crossed to beef
- esp Autumn calving herds
- internal parasitism ^ risk
Clinical signs pregnancy toxaemia
> if shortly before calving - agitated - incoordinated - difficulty rising - scant feaces > if -+ 6 weeks around calving tend to be depressed - otherwise the same
Which sheep do not commonly get pregnancy toxaemia?
- maiden ewes rare
PDF for pregnancy toxaemia in sheep
- breed and age variation related to fecundity
- case fatality can be 100% if clinical (cattle more subclincial)
- outbreaks in flock higher mortality in lambs
- may be assoc hypomagnesaemia, hypocalceamia
Clinical signs pregnancy toxaemia sheep
- separate from flock appearing blind
- constipation and bruxism
- drowsiness and abnormal posture (stargazing) in coordination
- ewes become recumbent
- depression and coma
- recovered ewes : WOOLBREAK
Diagnosing FLS and pregnancy toxaemia
> Bloods - NEFA >0.7mmol/l - glucose Milk - fat >5% - protein 1.6 > liver biopsy >15% fat
Tx FLS and pregnancy toxaemia
- as for ketosis + IVFT
- consider insulin, steroids, choline, biotin, cobalt amine, BST [illegal uk growth hormone ]
- high quality feed, glucose precursor rich
Px FLS and pregnancy toxaemia?
Usually poor response to Tx
Tx sheep FLS / pregnancy toxaemia
- emergency ceaser
- Tx uraemia
- drench q4-8hrs rehydration fluids as for scouring calves
- immediately placed on supplementary feeding/better silage/concentrates
- early cases Tx propylene glycol (C3 molecules)
Control and prevention of FLS and pregnancy toxaemia
- Prevent fat and thin animals at calving
- transition cow ration to reduce concurrent disease
- early lactation cows fed balanced, high energy dense (glucose) ration *NB: balance risk of rumen acidosis these things will ^ risk**
- good quality forage and maize silage
- BCS recording
- force fat cows to walk between housing and food
- consider use of sodium propionate, niacin, biotin, cobalt
- high risk cows : monensin bolus (KEXXSTONE) elanco $$$ not blanket Tx
Control and prevention in sheep
- as with cattle for BCS Recoring
- ID twins and triplets and feed accordingly towards end of gestation
- provision of shelter and supplementary hay/silage
- minimise stress at high risk periods
When are animals shifted into NEB?
- periparturient cows and other mammals
What is considered a high yielding farm? Range?
5,000 average - 10,000L/cow/year high yield
