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Community Health > Surveillance > Flashcards

Surveillance Flashcards

1
Q

Define health surveillance

A

The ongoing systematic use of collected data from health related events to guide public health action

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2
Q

State 6 processes of surveillance

A

Data collection, collation, analysis, interpretation, dissemination and action

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3
Q

Describe objectives of PH surveillance x6

A

Guide immediate action
Measure burden of disease
Monitor trend of burden of disease
Guide planning implementation and evaluation of disease control programs
Prioritize allocation of resource
Provide a basis for epidemiological research

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4
Q

Attributes of an ideal PH Surveillance system x5

A

Simplicity
Sensitivity
Stability
Usefulness
Representative

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5
Q

State the 5 types of surveillance methods

A

Passive or routine
Active
Sentinel health surveillance
Emergency
Serological and virological

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6
Q

Sources of bias in surveillance x4

A

Reporting propensity
Screening
Diagnostic methods
Attendance

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7
Q

Describe 2 support methods to enhance surveillance

A

Management- strengthen staff skills, recruit staff
Technology- access to internet and appropriate software

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8
Q

Describe the purpose of IDSR integrated disease surveillance and response

A

To improve ability of districts to identify and respond to outbreaks of priority infectious diseases using well known and available interventions

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9
Q

Describe 3 specific goals of integrated disease surveillance and response IDSR

A

Strengthen surveillance and response at district level
Integrate surveillance with laboratory support
Translate surveillance and laboratory data into public health actions

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10
Q

Define outbreak

A

The occurrence of cases of an illness clearly in excess of expectancy in a given place or group over a particular period of time

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11
Q

Sources of knowledge about an outbreak x4

A

Media
Health workers
General population
Routine analysis of PH surveillance

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12
Q

What is the purpose of investigating an outbreak x5

A

Prevention of further spread and control of outbreak
Research and training opportunities
To know the severity and population at risk
For program considerations
Public and political concerns

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13
Q

Describe the iceberg phenomenon

A

A situation in which a large percentage of a problem is subclinical, unreported, or otherwise hidden from view

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14
Q

Define cluster

A

Grouping of cases in a given place over a particular period of time

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15
Q

What are the causes of increased cases not indicative of an outbreak x4

A

Improved diagnostic procedures
Changes in case definitions and reporting procedures
Increased awareness of health workers
Increased interest because of media awareness
Seasonal population changes

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16
Q

Define case definition

A

A standard set of criteria for deciding whether a person should be classified as having the disease or condition

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17
Q

Describe the 3 epidemic curves used in outbreaks

A

Point source- steep up then down slope. Exposure over a brief period
Continuous common source- plateau instead of peak. Exposure over an extended period
Propagated -progressively taller peaks. Person to person spread

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18
Q

3 ways of implementing control and prevention in an outbreak

A

Interrupt transmission
Reduce susceptibility
Universal precautions PPE

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19
Q

What is the difference between efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency

A

Efficacy is getting things done
Efficiency is doing things in the most economic way
Effectiveness is the ability of a program to produce expected results

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20
Q

Difference between quarantine and isolation

A

Quarantine is restricting movement of exposed people to see if they get sick
Isolation separates sick people from those who are not

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21
Q

Define measures of association

A

A measure that quantifies the relationship between exposure and disease among 2 groups

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22
Q

Measures of association used in a cohort study x3

A

Absolute risk difference
Relative risk ratio
Odds ratio

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23
Q

Define relative risk/risk ratio

A

Ratio that compares the risk of an event among a specific group with the risk in another group

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24
Q

Purpose of case control studies

A

Determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome
Always retrospective

25
Q

Define odd ratio in case control

A

Ratio of the odds of an exposure in the case group to the odds of an exposure in the control group

26
Q

Define a confounder

A

A third variable that distorts association between an exposure and health outcome

27
Q

Describe the concept of cause x2 necessity and sufficiency

A

A cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably produces or initiates a disease
It is termed necessary if a disease cannot develop in its abscence

28
Q

Factors affecting causation x4

A

Predisposing factors
Enabling factors
Precipitating factors
Reinforcing factors

29
Q

State the Bradford hill criteria

A

1.Temporal sequence of association- does cause precede outcome
2.Strength of association- less likely to be due to undetected confounding
3.Consistency of association
4.Biological gradient- increased risk f outcome with increased exposure
5.Specificity of association- single factor associated with single outcome
6. Plausibility of association- is association consistent with existing knowledge
7. Coherence- between epidemiological and laboratory findings
8. Reversibility- does removal of cause decrease risk of effect
9. Analogy- use of similarities between other associations

29
Q

Purposes of PH surveillance x5

A

Recognize cases or clusters to trigger interventions
Demonstrate need for PH intervention programs and resources
Assess the Ph impact of health events
Monitor effectiveness of prevention and control
Identify high risk groups or geographical areas to target intervention

30
Q

Define epidemiology

A

The study of distribution, frequency and determinants of health related events and use of this study to control health problems

31
Q

Uses of epidemiology x4

A

Making individual decisions
Identify cause of a disease
Complete clinical understanding or disease
Assess community and population health

32
Q

Core functions of epidemiology x4

A

Public health surveillance
Field investigation
Analytic studies
Evaluation
Policy development

33
Q

Describe 2 types of categorical variables

A

Nominal- Data that can be classified into mutually exclusive categories within a variable
It has no order of ranking
Ordinal- variable that represents categories with a natural order of ranking eg education

34
Q

Describe 2 types of numerical variables

A

Discrete- can only assume distinct values. Characterized by gaps eg hospital admissions
Continuous- can assume any value within a certain interval eg height

35
Q

Types of tables used to display data x5

A

One, two and three variable table
Composite table
Statistics table
Table shells- layout without estimates

36
Q

Types of graphs used to display data x5

A

Histograms
Cumulative frequency
Population pyramid
Arithmetic scale lines
Semi logarithmic scale lines

37
Q

Describe two ways of organizing data

A

Line list- row and columns
Epi info- software package used to enter design edit and analyze data

38
Q

Describe interval and ratio variables

A

Ratio- intervals that have a true zero
Interval- measured on a scale of equally spaced units and do not have a true zero

39
Q

Describe frequency distribution and its properties x3

A

It displays a value and the number of persons with each value
1.Central location- clustering at a particular value. Measures mean median mode
2.Spread- scattering of data from one another. Measures range, S deviation, interquartile range
3.Shape

40
Q

Define frequency measures and state 3 examples

A

Measures that compare one part of a distribution to another part of distribution
Rate, ratio, proportion

41
Q

Describe morbidity frequency measures and their types x2

A

Incidence- number of new cases of a disease in a population at a given time.
Types: incidence proportion and rate
Prevalence-a proportion of people in a population who have a particular disease. Types: point prevalence and period prevalence

42
Q

State measure of association x4

A

Risk ratio
Rate ratio
Odds ratio
Proportionate mortality ratio- proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time

43
Q

Describe measure of PH impact and 2 used measures

A

It is a measure used to place an association between an exposure and an outcome into a meaningful PH context
Attributable proportions- measure of the public health impact of a causative factor
Efficacy- the ability to produce a desired or intended result

44
Q

Reasons for conducting an outbreak investigation x3

A

Factors related to health problem- severity, mode of transmission
Factors relating to health department- staff and resources
Other- research and training

45
Q

Indicator based surveillance

A

Regular identification, collection, monitoring, analysis and interpretation of indicators produced by a number of health based formal sources

46
Q

State advantages of secondary data x3

A

Saves efforts
Low cost to access
Time saving

47
Q

Disadvantages of secondary data x3

A

Lack of control over quality
Not specific to researchers needs
Out of date hence little or no relevance

48
Q

State 2 things involved in assessment of health status problem

A

Analysis of precursors of the problem
Careful specification of the dimensions of the problem

49
Q

State 3 properties of health indicators

A

Measurable - quantifiable
Malleable - responsive to change
Meaningful - in assessing key elements of health status

50
Q

State 5 elements to involve in informed consent

A

A statement that the study involves research
The purpose of research explained
The duration of subjects participation
Description of procedures to be followed
Identification of any procedures that are experimental

51
Q

State 8 components of a rapid response team

A

Clinician
Epidemiologist
Lab technician
Driver
Environmental health officer
Health education manager
Water development officer
Expert in industrial poisoning

52
Q

Describe two types of numerical data

A

Interval - can be ranked or ordered. It does not have a meaningful zero. It can be negative eg temperature

Ratio - it has a rank and has a meaning zero but can never be negative eg age and weight

53
Q

Describe the difference between cause and association

A

Association is the statistical relationship between 2 variables. Variables may be associated without a causal relationship

Cause is an event, condition or characteristic which plays a role in producing a disease

54
Q

Define attack rate

A

The total number of new cases divided by the total population

55
Q

Describe 2 characteristics of a scatter diagram

A

It requires more than one variable
It plots continous variables

56
Q

A case definition should include x4

A

Time place and person
Clinical features
Does not include exposure

57
Q

Define an observational case control study

A

A study on which subjects are enrolled on the basis of having or not having a health outcome

Community Health (6 decks)

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