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Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

Define a theory

A

A set of principles on which a practice of an activity is based on

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2
Q

Describe explanatory theory

A

It describes reasons why a problem exists
Discovers factors causing the problem so they can be changed

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3
Q

Describe change theory

A

It guides the development of health interventions

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4
Q

Define concepts and constructs

A

Concepts are building blocks of a theory
Constructs are concepts developed for use in a particular theory

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5
Q

Define variables and models

A

Variables are operational constructs. They define a way a construct is to be measured
Models- set of theories

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6
Q

Characteristics of useful theory x4

A

Logical
Consistent with everyday observations
Similar to those used in previous successful programs
Supported by past research

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7
Q

Importance of theories in health promotion x3

A

The form a foundation for program planning and development
Guide research on health behaviors
Identify which indicators should be monitored and measured during program evaluation

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8
Q

Describe the ecological aspects of health

A

It highlights peoples interactions with their physical and sociocultural environment

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9
Q

Describe the 3 levels of influence for health related behaviors

A

Intrapersonal- individual characteristics that influence behavior
Interpersonal- by people who provide social identity, support and role definition
Community levels

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10
Q

Describe the community level of influence for health related behaviors and conditions x3

A

Institutional factors- rules which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
Community factors- social networks and norms
Public policy- laws that regulate or support healthy actions

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11
Q

Describe the theoretical explanations of 3 levels of influence x3

A

Behavior is mediated by cognitions ie what people know and think
Knowledge is necessary but not sufficient to produce behavior changes
Perceptions, motivation, skills, social environment are key influences on behavior

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12
Q

Describe the health belief model

A

Addresses the individuals perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem, benefits of avoiding the threat and factors influencing the decision to act

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13
Q

State the 6 concepts of heath belief model

A

Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits
Perceived barriers
Cues to action
Self efficacy- confidence to take action

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14
Q

Describe the transtheoretical model

A

Describes individuals motivation and readiness to change behavior

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15
Q

State 6 stages of change

A

Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination

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16
Q

Describe theory of planned behavior

A

It examines the difference between an individuals behavior vs beliefs attitudes, intentions and perceived control over that behavior

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17
Q

State the 4 concepts in theory of planned behavior

A

Behavioral intention
Personal Attitude
Subjective norm
Perceived behavioral control

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18
Q

Define behavioral intention and state 3 factors that affect it

A

Perceived likelihood of performing a behavior
Personal attitude, subjective norm and beliefs

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19
Q

Describe social cognitive theory

A

Describes an ongoing dynamic process in which environmental factors, personal factors and human behavior exert influence upon each other

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20
Q

Factor affecting the likelihood that a person will change a health behavior x3

A

Outcome expectancies
Goals
Self efficacy - individuals belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary for specific performance attainments

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21
Q

Describe the social learning theory

A

People learn from their own experiences and from the actions of others and benefits of those actions

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22
Q

Describe the concepts involved in social cognitive theory x6

A

Reciprocal determinism - dynamic interaction between environment person and behavior
Behavioral capability - knowledge and skill to perform a given behavior
Expectations - anticipated outcomes of behavior
Self efficacy - confidence in one’s ability to take action
Observational learning - watching action and outcome of others behavior
Reinforcements - responses to a persons behavior that influences likelihood of reoccurrence

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23
Q

Describe the communication theory x2

A

Describes how different types of communication affect health behavior
It explores who says what, in which channels, to whom and with what effects

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24
Q

Describe diffusion of innovations theory

A

It addresses how new ideas, products and social practices spread within an organization, community or society

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25
Describe the emphasis of community organization and other participatory models
Emphasize community driven approaches to assessing and solving health and social problems
26
Describe community organizing
Process through which community groups are helped to identify common problems, mobilize resources and implement strategies to reach collective goals
27
Describe 3 community organizing models
Locality development- process oriented with the aim of developing group identity and cohesion Social planning- task oriented on problem solving Social action- process and task oriented with a goal to increase community's capacity to solve problems
28
State 3 participatory models
Self interest Media advocacy Participatory action research
29
State 6 concepts that are used to achieve and measure change
Empowerment- people gain mastery over their lives Community capacity- characteristics of a community Participations- engagement of community members Relevance- starts where the people are Issue selection-identifying targets for change Critical consciousness- awareness of forces that contribute to social problems
30
What are the purposes of diffusion of innovations x2
Used to study the adoption of a wide range of health behaviors and programs Expands the number of people who are exposed to and reached by successful interventions
31
Describe diffusion of innovation at different levels x3
Individual- adopting health behaviors with lifestyle changes Organizational- starting programs and changing regulations Community- starting initiatives and using the media
32
Factors affecting the speed and extent of diffusion of innovations x5
Compatibility Complexity Trialability Relative advantage Observability
33
Categories of adopters of theories x5
Innovators Early adopters Early majority adopters Late majority adopters Laggards
34
State the multilevel strategies fostered by public health communications x5
Targeted messages at group level Tailored messages at individual level Social marketing at community level Media advocacy at the policy level Mass media campaigns at population level
35
Purpose of public health communications x5
Increase knowledge and awareness of a health issue Influences perceptions beliefs and attitudes Demonstrate healthy skills Strengthen organizational relations Increase support for services
36
State the clinical manifestations of pellagra x4
Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death
37
State 5 diagnostics steps of Precede proceed model
Social assessment Epidemiological assessment Behavioral and environmental assessment Educational and ecological assessment Administrative and policy assessment
38
State the 4 implementation steps of Precede and proceed model
Implementation Process evaluation Impact evaluation Outcome evaluation
39
Define public health ethics
A systematic approach to balancing competing interests and providing justification for Public Health policies and decisions
40
Define public health laws
A set of rules that describes what public health can do and give authority to place significant restrictions on individuals
41
Define formative needs assessment
A planning or re-planning stage of a program to identify program needs and resolve issues before a programs is widely implemented
42
Uses of formative needs assessment x5
Setting program targets Identify feasible program strategies Adjust objectives to changing situations Identifying the needs for interventions Define realistic goals and objectives for interventions
43
Define neonatal mortality rate
Number of deaths to infants under 28 days per 1000 live births in a given year
44
Define maternal mortality rate
Number of maternal deaths per year per 100,000 live births in a given year
45
Define disease specific mortality rate
The number of deaths due to a given disease per time per 1000 persons per year
46
Define SWOT analysis
It is a high level strategic planning model that helps organizations identify where they are doing well and where they can improve
47
Importance of SWOT analysis x4
Helps to overcome threats Build strengths of intervention Helps in setting objectives of interventions Helps to identify weaknesses of a project Maximizes its response to opportunities
48
Define temporary total disability
An injury that does not result in death or permanent disability but makes the injured person unable to perform regular duties
49
Define occupational health
Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical mental and social well being of workers in all occupations
50
State 4 theories that support intrapersonal level of influence of behavior
The health belief model The trans theoretical model The theory of planned behavior The precaution adoption process model
51
Define deontology
Theories which focus on right actions. They make rules as to which actions are permissible and impermissible in various actions
52
Criteria used to define access to safe water in Malawi x4
250 people per borehole Living within half a KM radius of the water source Use of 27 litres of water per person per day Use of piped borehole or protected well
53
4 ways to assess for malnutrition
MUAC Oedema BMI Weight for height z scores
54
State 5 components of community diagnosis
Purpose or aim The steps or processes undertaken Formulation of data collection tool Report writing and dissemination of finding Planning for intervention
55
Define health promotion
The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
56
State three approaches to health promotion
Prevention Health education Health protection
57
Stages of adoption of an innovation x5
Knowledge Persuasion Decision to adopt Implementation Maintenance
58
Steps involved in community diagnosis x9
1. Community assessment 2. Social diagnoses 3. Collecting community data 4. Collecting primary data 5. Analysis of primary and secondary data 6. Prioritizing health problems 7. Developing community interventions 8. Creating a community assessment document 9. Exit strategy
59
Define a community
A group of people living in the same defined area and sharing the same values or interests
60
State the levels of community involvement x5
Acceptance Mobilization Participation Involvement Ownership or control
61
Define social capital
Connections among individuals
62
State 5 systems in the community
Social Political Cultural Economic Geographic
63
State three ways maps help diagnose the community
Location of resources Distribution of population Prevalence of health problems
64
Describe 4 characteristics of the community typology framework
Identity - belonging to the community Integration - how often is visit and interaction Group norms - how important is community welfare External linkages - what channels exist for contact with outside groups and resources
65
State importance of external linkages in the community x5
Members learn new ideas Seek outside supporters Members can seek assistance from local government Raise funds to carry out a community project Members belong to national or regional organizations

Community Health (6 decks)

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