Health Promotion Flashcards
Define a theory
A set of principles on which a practice of an activity is based on
Describe explanatory theory
It describes reasons why a problem exists
Discovers factors causing the problem so they can be changed
Describe change theory
It guides the development of health interventions
Define concepts and constructs
Concepts are building blocks of a theory
Constructs are concepts developed for use in a particular theory
Define variables and models
Variables are operational constructs. They define a way a construct is to be measured
Models- set of theories
Characteristics of useful theory x4
Logical
Consistent with everyday observations
Similar to those used in previous successful programs
Supported by past research
Importance of theories in health promotion x3
The form a foundation for program planning and development
Guide research on health behaviors
Identify which indicators should be monitored and measured during program evaluation
Describe the ecological aspects of health
It highlights peoples interactions with their physical and sociocultural environment
Describe the 3 levels of influence for health related behaviors
Intrapersonal- individual characteristics that influence behavior
Interpersonal- by people who provide social identity, support and role definition
Community levels
Describe the community level of influence for health related behaviors and conditions x3
Institutional factors- rules which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
Community factors- social networks and norms
Public policy- laws that regulate or support healthy actions
Describe the theoretical explanations of 3 levels of influence x3
Behavior is mediated by cognitions ie what people know and think
Knowledge is necessary but not sufficient to produce behavior changes
Perceptions, motivation, skills, social environment are key influences on behavior
Describe the health belief model
Addresses the individuals perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem, benefits of avoiding the threat and factors influencing the decision to act
State the 6 concepts of heath belief model
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits
Perceived barriers
Cues to action
Self efficacy- confidence to take action
Describe the transtheoretical model
Describes individuals motivation and readiness to change behavior
State 6 stages of change
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination
Describe theory of planned behavior
It examines the difference between an individuals behavior vs beliefs attitudes, intentions and perceived control over that behavior
State the 4 concepts in theory of planned behavior
Behavioral intention
Personal Attitude
Subjective norm
Perceived behavioral control
Define behavioral intention and state 3 factors that affect it
Perceived likelihood of performing a behavior
Personal attitude, subjective norm and beliefs
Describe social cognitive theory
Describes an ongoing dynamic process in which environmental factors, personal factors and human behavior exert influence upon each other
Factor affecting the likelihood that a person will change a health behavior x3
Outcome expectancies
Goals
Self efficacy - individuals belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary for specific performance attainments
Describe the social learning theory
People learn from their own experiences and from the actions of others and benefits of those actions
Describe the concepts involved in social cognitive theory x6
Reciprocal determinism - dynamic interaction between environment person and behavior
Behavioral capability - knowledge and skill to perform a given behavior
Expectations - anticipated outcomes of behavior
Self efficacy - confidence in one’s ability to take action
Observational learning - watching action and outcome of others behavior
Reinforcements - responses to a persons behavior that influences likelihood of reoccurrence
Describe the communication theory x2
Describes how different types of communication affect health behavior
It explores who says what, in which channels, to whom and with what effects
Describe diffusion of innovations theory
It addresses how new ideas, products and social practices spread within an organization, community or society
Describe the emphasis of community organization and other participatory models
Emphasize community driven approaches to assessing and solving health and social problems
Describe community organizing
Process through which community groups are helped to identify common problems, mobilize resources and implement strategies to reach collective goals
Describe 3 community organizing models
Locality development- process oriented with the aim of developing group identity and cohesion
Social planning- task oriented on problem solving
Social action- process and task oriented with a goal to increase community’s capacity to solve problems
State 3 participatory models
Self interest
Media advocacy
Participatory action research
State 6 concepts that are used to achieve and measure change
Empowerment- people gain mastery over their lives
Community capacity- characteristics of a community
Participations- engagement of community members
Relevance- starts where the people are
Issue selection-identifying targets for change
Critical consciousness- awareness of forces that contribute to social problems
What are the purposes of diffusion of innovations x2
Used to study the adoption of a wide range of health behaviors and programs
Expands the number of people who are exposed to and reached by successful interventions
Describe diffusion of innovation at different levels x3
Individual- adopting health behaviors with lifestyle changes
Organizational- starting programs and changing regulations
Community- starting initiatives and using the media
Factors affecting the speed and extent of diffusion of innovations x5
Compatibility
Complexity
Trialability
Relative advantage
Observability
Categories of adopters of theories x5
Innovators
Early adopters
Early majority adopters
Late majority adopters
Laggards
State the multilevel strategies fostered by public health communications x5
Targeted messages at group level
Tailored messages at individual level
Social marketing at community level
Media advocacy at the policy level
Mass media campaigns at population level
Purpose of public health communications x5
Increase knowledge and awareness of a health issue
Influences perceptions beliefs and attitudes
Demonstrate healthy skills
Strengthen organizational relations
Increase support for services
State the clinical manifestations of pellagra x4
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
State 5 diagnostics steps of Precede proceed model
Social assessment
Epidemiological assessment
Behavioral and environmental assessment
Educational and ecological assessment
Administrative and policy assessment
State the 4 implementation steps of Precede and proceed model
Implementation
Process evaluation
Impact evaluation
Outcome evaluation
Define public health ethics
A systematic approach to balancing competing interests and providing justification for Public Health policies and decisions
Define public health laws
A set of rules that describes what public health can do and give authority to place significant restrictions on individuals
Define formative needs assessment
A planning or re-planning stage of a program to identify program needs and resolve issues before a programs is widely implemented
Uses of formative needs assessment x5
Setting program targets
Identify feasible program strategies
Adjust objectives to changing situations
Identifying the needs for interventions
Define realistic goals and objectives for interventions
Define neonatal mortality rate
Number of deaths to infants under 28 days per 1000 live births in a given year
Define maternal mortality rate
Number of maternal deaths per year per 100,000 live births in a given year
Define disease specific mortality rate
The number of deaths due to a given disease per time per 1000 persons per year
Define SWOT analysis
It is a high level strategic planning model that helps organizations identify where they are doing well and where they can improve
Importance of SWOT analysis x4
Helps to overcome threats
Build strengths of intervention
Helps in setting objectives of interventions
Helps to identify weaknesses of a project
Maximizes its response to opportunities
Define temporary total disability
An injury that does not result in death or permanent disability but makes the injured person unable to perform regular duties
Define occupational health
Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical mental and social well being of workers in all occupations
State 4 theories that support intrapersonal level of influence of behavior
The health belief model
The trans theoretical model
The theory of planned behavior
The precaution adoption process model
Define deontology
Theories which focus on right actions. They make rules as to which actions are permissible and impermissible in various actions
Criteria used to define access to safe water in Malawi x4
250 people per borehole
Living within half a KM radius of the water source
Use of 27 litres of water per person per day
Use of piped borehole or protected well
4 ways to assess for malnutrition
MUAC
Oedema
BMI
Weight for height z scores
State 5 components of community diagnosis
Purpose or aim
The steps or processes undertaken
Formulation of data collection tool
Report writing and dissemination of finding
Planning for intervention
Define health promotion
The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
State three approaches to health promotion
Prevention
Health education
Health protection
Stages of adoption of an innovation x5
Knowledge
Persuasion
Decision to adopt
Implementation
Maintenance
Steps involved in community diagnosis x9
- Community assessment
- Social diagnoses
- Collecting community data
- Collecting primary data
- Analysis of primary and secondary data
- Prioritizing health problems
- Developing community interventions
- Creating a community assessment document
- Exit strategy
Define a community
A group of people living in the same defined area and sharing the same values or interests
State the levels of community involvement x5
Acceptance
Mobilization
Participation
Involvement
Ownership or control
Define social capital
Connections among individuals
State 5 systems in the community
Social
Political
Cultural
Economic
Geographic
State three ways maps help diagnose the community
Location of resources
Distribution of population
Prevalence of health problems
Describe 4 characteristics of the community typology framework
Identity - belonging to the community
Integration - how often is visit and interaction
Group norms - how important is community welfare
External linkages - what channels exist for contact with outside groups and resources
State importance of external linkages in the community x5
Members learn new ideas
Seek outside supporters
Members can seek assistance from local government
Raise funds to carry out a community project
Members belong to national or regional organizations
