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Community Health > Occupational health > Flashcards

Occupational health Flashcards

1
Q

Define toxicology

A

The study of negative effects of chemicals on living things

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2
Q

What considers a substance to be toxic x2

A

How much of it is necessary to cause harm
How easily it can enter the body

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3
Q

State 4 routes of entry of a toxin

A

Inhalation, ingestion, injection, absorption through the skin

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4
Q

State what happens to chemicals in the body x4

A

Distribution
Metabolism- broken down into smaller compounds
Storage- for a long time
Excretion- through feces and urine

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5
Q

Define toxicity and describe its 2 types

A

Toxicity is the poisonous nature of any substance
High toxicity- substances that can cause harm following exposure to very small amounts
Low toxicity- substances that cause harm following exposure to large amounts

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6
Q

Describe Paracelsus’s fundamental rule of toxicology

A

Only the dose required makes the difference between a cure and a poison

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7
Q

Describe dose and maximum response

A

Once the maximum reaction is reached, increasing the dose doesn’t change the reaction

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8
Q

Differentiate between acute and chronic toxicity

A

Acute- last up to 96 hours, it is brief and sudden
Chronic- long period of exposure of up to 3 months

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9
Q

Define LD50 and LC50

A

LD50- a dose which when ingested injected or applied directly kills half of the test subjects
LC50- the concentration of a chemical in a test atmosphere that kills half the test subjects within one hour when inhaled

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10
Q

State 3 phases of poisoning

A

Chemical exposure phase
Toxicokinetic phase is how body handles the toxin > excretion
Toxicodynamic phase is the signs and symptoms of toxic agent >toxicity

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11
Q

Cause of occupational skin disease x4

A

Irritants
Mechanical
Physical
Biological

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12
Q

Define contact dermatitis and state it’s two subtypes

A

Inflammation of the dermal layer of the skin characterized by redness crusting and swelling
Primary irritant contact dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis

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13
Q

Describe the 2 pulmonary tests

A

X-rays
Spirometry- screening tests that measures airway resistance to airflow

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14
Q

Define vital capacity and state what its abnormality implies

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
Reduced VC implies airway obstruction

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15
Q

Define residual volume and state what its abnormality implies

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration
Increase in RV implies airway distention and air trapping disease ie emphysema

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16
Q

Define asphyxiant and describe its two types

A

It is a chemical substance that causes unconsciousness or death when inhaled
Simple- interfere with gas exchange and displace O2 in the air eg nitrogen
Chemical- interfere with O2 transport by Hb eg hydrogen cyanide

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17
Q

Exposure sources of hydrogen cyanide x3

A

Chemical burning
Fumigation
Autopsy room activities

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18
Q

Define pneumoconiosis and state its 3 types

A

It is a disease resulting from dust in the lungs which causes a tissue reaction
Silicosis- crystalline silica
Asbestosis
Coal worker pneumoconiosis

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19
Q

Describe coal worker pneumoconiosis and what it results in x2

A

Black lung which develops in workers who work underground and get exposed to carbonaceous dust
Results in fibrosis and emphysema

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20
Q

Define silicosis and 2 characteristics

A

Chronic lung disease caused by inhalation of unsafe levels of silica in dust
Pulmonary function is normal but may develop into massive fibrotic lesions

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21
Q

Describe 3 types of silicosis

A

Acute; 1-3 years
Accelerated; 5-15 years
Chronic; 20-45 years

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22
Q

Define exposure limits PEL, IDLH, STEL

A

Permissible exposure limit- concentration of a substance in the air
Short term exposure limits- 1 hour free of exposure between 15 minute exposure intervals four times a day
Immediately dangerous to life and death- max airborne concentration which would not interfere with ability to escape

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23
Q

Define asthma and state 3 responses of airways to irritants

A

Reversible generalized obstruction of airways
Bronchospasm
Increased production of mucus in airways
Cough

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24
Q

State 4 causes of occupational skin diseases

A

Irritants- acids and allergens
Mechanical- friction and bruising
Biological- plants and insects
Physical- heat ad cold

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25
Q

State 4 causative agents of occupational asthma

A

Enzymes, vegetables, animals, metals

26
Q

Gaps in the Occupational Safety health compared to International Labor Organization x3

A

Lack of national OSH policy
Lack of operational regulations and guidelines to support the act
Lack of tripartite advisory body with direct responsibility to OSH issues

27
Q

International Labor Organization code of practice and guidelines x5

A

Safety and health in the use of machinery
HIV and AIDS in the world of work
Recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases
Safety and health in construction
Radiation protection of workers

28
Q

State 5 regular activities related to occupation safety and health

A

Registration of workplace
Inspection of workplaces
Conducting industrial hygiene surveys
Investigation of occupational accidents, diseases and industrial pollution
Training on safety health and welfare

29
Q

State institutions that offer training for OSH X3

A

Universities and colleges
Employers and workers organization
National road safety council

30
Q

State any 5 occupational health services x5

A

National system and regulatory responsibility- occupational injuries and diseases
Environmental exposure monitoring- light noise dust
Medical examination surveillance- in potentially dangerous environments
Advisory services- on medical surveillance needs
Integration with primary health care

31
Q

Describe labor relations act and it’s aim

A

It is an act that governs the relationship between employees and employers
It aims to protect workers rights and promoting fair employment practices

32
Q

Define Pellagra and describe its 2 types

A

A systematic disease caused by severe deficiency of vitamin B3 ie niacin
Primary- deficiency of niacin in the diet
Secondary- body is unable to absorb niacin from the diet

33
Q

Define social marketing

A

An approach used to promote health behaviors by developing activities that change and maintain a persons behavior

34
Q

Describe the 4 Ps of social marketing

A

Product- the behavior being promoted
Price- the barriers or costs of the behavior
Place- easy accessibility of the behavior
Promotion- communicating to the target audience the benefits and convenience of the behavior

35
Q

State the process of social marketing x4

A

Planning and strategy development
Developing and pretesting materials messages and concepts
Implementation of program
Assessing effectiveness and making refinements

36
Q

Define formative research

A

It is the process by which researchers define a community, how to access it, its attribute relevant to specific PH issues

37
Q

Define competitive analysis and its purpose

A

It is the exploration of environment where target market makes behavior decisions.
It helps practitioners to understand factors ie physical, social, economic that influence the decisions

38
Q

Describe summative research

A

It monitors program outcomes and compares objective with immediate and long term outcomes to assess effectiveness of a program

39
Q

Planning models purpose

A

They aid in the development and implementation of effective interventions

40
Q

PRECEDE acronym

A

Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling, Constructs in Educational/environmental, Diagnosis and Evaluation

41
Q

Define employment act

A

An act to establish, reinforce and regulate minimum standards of employment with the purpose of ensuring equity necessary for enhancing industrial peace

42
Q

State 4 fundamental principles of employment act

A

Equal pay for equal value
No discrimination of employee
Prohibition of forced labour
Remedies for infringement of fundamental principles

43
Q

Duties of the labor commissioner x3

A

Inspection of work places
Supplying technical information to other staff
Making proposals and reports

44
Q

Contract guidelines under employment act x3

A

Probationary period should not be more than 12 months
Employer or employee should give notice of contract termination
Contract of deceased employee shall be terminated 1 month after their death

45
Q

Guidelines for sick leave within a year x2

A

4 weeks on full pay
8 weeks of half pay

46
Q

Define a constitution

A

Basic principles and laws of a nation or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it

47
Q

Define workers compensation act

A

An act to provide for compensation for injuries or diseases contracted by workers in the course of their employment

48
Q

Describe the use of a medical doctor in occupational health x3

A

Advisor
Professional expert
Intermediate between management and stuff

49
Q

How does the constitution of Malawi contribute to health of workers x5

A

Provision of fair and safe labor
Provides adequate health care
Provision of healthy work environment
Does not allow people to be subject to forced labor
Provides right to form and join trade unions

50
Q

Application of industrial hygiene in the control of workplace exposures x3

A

Personal monitoring
Surveillance of the workplace
Use of special equipment to measure content of chemicals radiation and air quality

51
Q

Define toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics

A

Toxicokinetics is how a substance enters the body and what happens to it in the body
Toxicodynamics is the physiological mechanisms resulting in toxicity and presentation of symptoms

52
Q

Application of industrial hygiene in the control of workplace exposures x3

A

Personal monitoring
Surveillance of the workplace
Use of special equipment to measure content of chemicals radiation and air quality

53
Q

Describe the sisterhood method

A

A method used to estimate maternal mortality ratio by questioning women about the number of sisters they have or the number of children their mother delivered

54
Q

Define social desirability

A

Participants tendency to answer questionnaires in a way that makes them look good or acceptable instead of facts

55
Q

Describe 3 examples of frequency measures

A

Ratio- comparison of any two values
Rate- a measure of frequency in which an event occurs in a given population over a specific period
Proportion- comparison of part to a whole

56
Q

Define natality birth measure

A

Rate of birth per unit area of people per unit time

57
Q

Define proportionate mortality rate

A

Proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time

58
Q

Weakness of occupational safety and health in Malawi x5

A

Limited data on accidents diseases and fatalities
Limited human and financial resources
Limited research capacity
Weak Institutional policy and legislation
Limited knowledge on current and emerging issues in OSH
Inadequate equipment for OSH monitoring

59
Q

Define ergonomics

A

The branch of science that deals with the people and their working environment

60
Q

Principles of ergonomics x4

A

Keep everything within reach
Reduce excessive force and motions
Work in neutral postures
Minimize pressure points
Maintain a comfortable environment

Community Health (6 decks)

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