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Occupational health Flashcards

1
Q

Define toxicology

A

The study of negative effects of chemicals on living things

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2
Q

What considers a substance to be toxic x2

A

How much of it is necessary to cause harm
How easily it can enter the body

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3
Q

State 4 routes of entry of a toxin

A

Inhalation, ingestion, injection, absorption through the skin

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4
Q

State what happens to chemicals in the body x4

A

Distribution
Metabolism- broken down into smaller compounds
Storage- for a long time
Excretion- through feces and urine

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5
Q

Define toxicity and describe its 2 types

A

Toxicity is the poisonous nature of any substance
High toxicity- substances that can cause harm following exposure to very small amounts
Low toxicity- substances that cause harm following exposure to large amounts

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6
Q

Describe Paracelsus’s fundamental rule of toxicology

A

Only the dose required makes the difference between a cure and a poison

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7
Q

Describe dose and maximum response

A

Once the maximum reaction is reached, increasing the dose doesn’t change the reaction

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8
Q

Differentiate between acute and chronic toxicity

A

Acute- last up to 96 hours, it is brief and sudden
Chronic- long period of exposure of up to 3 months

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9
Q

Define LD50 and LC50

A

LD50- a dose which when ingested injected or applied directly kills half of the test subjects
LC50- the concentration of a chemical in a test atmosphere that kills half the test subjects within one hour when inhaled

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10
Q

State 3 phases of poisoning

A

Chemical exposure phase
Toxicokinetic phase is how body handles the toxin > excretion
Toxicodynamic phase is the signs and symptoms of toxic agent >toxicity

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11
Q

Cause of occupational skin disease x4

A

Irritants
Mechanical
Physical
Biological

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12
Q

Define contact dermatitis and state it’s two subtypes

A

Inflammation of the dermal layer of the skin characterized by redness crusting and swelling
Primary irritant contact dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis

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13
Q

Describe the 2 pulmonary tests

A

X-rays
Spirometry- screening tests that measures airway resistance to airflow

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14
Q

Define vital capacity and state what its abnormality implies

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
Reduced VC implies airway obstruction

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15
Q

Define residual volume and state what its abnormality implies

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration
Increase in RV implies airway distention and air trapping disease ie emphysema

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16
Q

Define asphyxiant and describe its two types

A

It is a chemical substance that causes unconsciousness or death when inhaled
Simple- interfere with gas exchange and displace O2 in the air eg nitrogen
Chemical- interfere with O2 transport by Hb eg hydrogen cyanide

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17
Q

Exposure sources of hydrogen cyanide x3

A

Chemical burning
Fumigation
Autopsy room activities

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18
Q

Define pneumoconiosis and state its 3 types

A

It is a disease resulting from dust in the lungs which causes a tissue reaction
Silicosis- crystalline silica
Asbestosis
Coal worker pneumoconiosis

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19
Q

Describe coal worker pneumoconiosis and what it results in x2

A

Black lung which develops in workers who work underground and get exposed to carbonaceous dust
Results in fibrosis and emphysema

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20
Q

Define silicosis and 2 characteristics

A

Chronic lung disease caused by inhalation of unsafe levels of silica in dust
Pulmonary function is normal but may develop into massive fibrotic lesions

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21
Q

Describe 3 types of silicosis

A

Acute; 1-3 years
Accelerated; 5-15 years
Chronic; 20-45 years

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22
Q

Define exposure limits PEL, IDLH, STEL

A

Permissible exposure limit- concentration of a substance in the air
Short term exposure limits- 1 hour free of exposure between 15 minute exposure intervals four times a day
Immediately dangerous to life and death- max airborne concentration which would not interfere with ability to escape

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23
Q

Define asthma and state 3 responses of airways to irritants

A

Reversible generalized obstruction of airways
Bronchospasm
Increased production of mucus in airways
Cough

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24
Q

State 4 causes of occupational skin diseases

A

Irritants- acids and allergens
Mechanical- friction and bruising
Biological- plants and insects
Physical- heat ad cold

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25
State 4 causative agents of occupational asthma
Enzymes, vegetables, animals, metals
26
Gaps in the Occupational Safety health compared to International Labor Organization x3
Lack of national OSH policy Lack of operational regulations and guidelines to support the act Lack of tripartite advisory body with direct responsibility to OSH issues
27
International Labor Organization code of practice and guidelines x5
Safety and health in the use of machinery HIV and AIDS in the world of work Recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases Safety and health in construction Radiation protection of workers
28
State 5 regular activities related to occupation safety and health
Registration of workplace Inspection of workplaces Conducting industrial hygiene surveys Investigation of occupational accidents, diseases and industrial pollution Training on safety health and welfare
29
State institutions that offer training for OSH X3
Universities and colleges Employers and workers organization National road safety council
30
State any 5 occupational health services x5
National system and regulatory responsibility- occupational injuries and diseases Environmental exposure monitoring- light noise dust Medical examination surveillance- in potentially dangerous environments Advisory services- on medical surveillance needs Integration with primary health care
31
Describe labor relations act and it’s aim
It is an act that governs the relationship between employees and employers It aims to protect workers rights and promoting fair employment practices
32
Define Pellagra and describe its 2 types
A systematic disease caused by severe deficiency of vitamin B3 ie niacin Primary- deficiency of niacin in the diet Secondary- body is unable to absorb niacin from the diet
33
Define social marketing
An approach used to promote health behaviors by developing activities that change and maintain a persons behavior
34
Describe the 4 Ps of social marketing
Product- the behavior being promoted Price- the barriers or costs of the behavior Place- easy accessibility of the behavior Promotion- communicating to the target audience the benefits and convenience of the behavior
35
State the process of social marketing x4
Planning and strategy development Developing and pretesting materials messages and concepts Implementation of program Assessing effectiveness and making refinements
36
Define formative research
It is the process by which researchers define a community, how to access it, its attribute relevant to specific PH issues
37
Define competitive analysis and its purpose
It is the exploration of environment where target market makes behavior decisions. It helps practitioners to understand factors ie physical, social, economic that influence the decisions
38
Describe summative research
It monitors program outcomes and compares objective with immediate and long term outcomes to assess effectiveness of a program
39
Planning models purpose
They aid in the development and implementation of effective interventions
40
PRECEDE acronym
Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling, Constructs in Educational/environmental, Diagnosis and Evaluation
41
Define employment act
An act to establish, reinforce and regulate minimum standards of employment with the purpose of ensuring equity necessary for enhancing industrial peace
42
State 4 fundamental principles of employment act
Equal pay for equal value No discrimination of employee Prohibition of forced labour Remedies for infringement of fundamental principles
43
Duties of the labor commissioner x3
Inspection of work places Supplying technical information to other staff Making proposals and reports
44
Contract guidelines under employment act x3
Probationary period should not be more than 12 months Employer or employee should give notice of contract termination Contract of deceased employee shall be terminated 1 month after their death
45
Guidelines for sick leave within a year x2
4 weeks on full pay 8 weeks of half pay
46
Define a constitution
Basic principles and laws of a nation or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it
47
Define workers compensation act
An act to provide for compensation for injuries or diseases contracted by workers in the course of their employment
48
Describe the use of a medical doctor in occupational health x3
Advisor Professional expert Intermediate between management and stuff
49
How does the constitution of Malawi contribute to health of workers x5
Provision of fair and safe labor Provides adequate health care Provision of healthy work environment Does not allow people to be subject to forced labor Provides right to form and join trade unions
50
Application of industrial hygiene in the control of workplace exposures x3
Personal monitoring Surveillance of the workplace Use of special equipment to measure content of chemicals radiation and air quality
51
Define toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics
Toxicokinetics is how a substance enters the body and what happens to it in the body Toxicodynamics is the physiological mechanisms resulting in toxicity and presentation of symptoms
52
Application of industrial hygiene in the control of workplace exposures x3
Personal monitoring Surveillance of the workplace Use of special equipment to measure content of chemicals radiation and air quality
53
Describe the sisterhood method
A method used to estimate maternal mortality ratio by questioning women about the number of sisters they have or the number of children their mother delivered
54
Define social desirability
Participants tendency to answer questionnaires in a way that makes them look good or acceptable instead of facts
55
Describe 3 examples of frequency measures
Ratio- comparison of any two values Rate- a measure of frequency in which an event occurs in a given population over a specific period Proportion- comparison of part to a whole
56
Define natality birth measure
Rate of birth per unit area of people per unit time
57
Define proportionate mortality rate
Proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time
58
Weakness of occupational safety and health in Malawi x5
Limited data on accidents diseases and fatalities Limited human and financial resources Limited research capacity Weak Institutional policy and legislation Limited knowledge on current and emerging issues in OSH Inadequate equipment for OSH monitoring
59
Define ergonomics
The branch of science that deals with the people and their working environment
60
Principles of ergonomics x4
Keep everything within reach Reduce excessive force and motions Work in neutral postures Minimize pressure points Maintain a comfortable environment

Community Health (6 decks)

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