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Health systems management 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 2 types of economics

A

Microeconomics which focuses on individuals
Macroeconomics which focuses on the whole economy

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2
Q

Describe the difference between positive and normative economics

A

Positive- statement that describe how the economy works, the existing situations and conditions
Normative- statement that state preference of one outcome over the other ie prescribes solutions. Focuses on what the economy ought to be

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3
Q

Describe the difference between critical and simplifying assumptions

A

Critical- essential to the economic model and may affect its conclusions
Simplifying- help to understand the economic situation

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4
Q

Define the production possibility frontier

A

A graph that shows all possible combinations of two goods when an economy is producing at full potential

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5
Q

State 2 limitations of the PPF

A

It only shows what can be produced does not show what would be consumed
It assumes only two goods are produced

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6
Q

Define demand

A

It refers to a schedule of quantities of a good or service people are willing to buy at different prices

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7
Q

Define market equilibrium

A

It is where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, not supply=demand

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8
Q

Define health economics

A

a branch of economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in the allocation of health and healthcare

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9
Q

What is the purpose of studying health economics x2

A

Resources are finite
A choice must be made about which resources to use for which activities

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10
Q

Define economic evaluation

A

The comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and benefits

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11
Q

Differentiate between final and intermediate outcomes

A

Final is the direct measure of patient outcome, well being or productivity eg number of lives saved
Intermediate is the necessary steps in achieving the desired final outcomes eg antenatal visits

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12
Q

Define equity

A

It is the fair distribution of resources among different individuals and groups in society

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13
Q

Define conflict

A

The negative energy that builds up when individuals or groups of people pursue incompatible goals in their drive to meet their needs and interest

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14
Q

Describe the two types of conflict

A

Functional - support the goals of a group and improves its performance
Dysfunctional – conflict that hinders group performance

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15
Q

State the 3 levels of conflict

A

Individual, interpersonal, organizational/group

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16
Q

State some of the causes of interpersonal conflict x5

A

Unresolved disagreement that has escalated to an emotional level
Miscommunication leading to unclear expectations
Personality crashes- personal differences
Differences in acquired values
Underlying stress and tension

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17
Q

Describe the importance of the Johari window x2

A

Points out possible interpersonal styles
Can be used to sort out possible interpersonal conflict situations

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18
Q

State 4 causes of intergroup conflict

A

Goal variances
Status struggle
Differences in perceptions
Competition for resources

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19
Q

State 4 effects of conflict

A

Resentment
Avoidance
Verbal assault
Inability to work together

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20
Q

7 steps to restore conflict

A

Calm yourself
Restore order
Hear their stories
Listen carefully
Generate solutions
Agree on a solution
Test for satisfaction of solutions

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21
Q

Define leadership

A

Influencing others to work diligently towards achieving their goals

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22
Q

Describe the difference between leaders and managers

A

Managers have influence limited to their managerial positions
Leaders have managerial and personal power and influence on others

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23
Q

State 5 legitimate sources of power

A

Position in the organization
Expertise
Control over information or resources
Referent power
Reward

24
Q

State 4 things involved in leadership

A

Clearly stating your vision
Explaining plans to attain your vision
Instilling confidence and optimism
Expressing confidence in those you lead

25
Give three characteristics of charismatic leadership
Workers respect and like their leaders so their are motivated to exert extra work effort Most appropriate in a stressful and uncertain environment It is built of a foundation of strong communication skills, persuasiveness and charm
26
Describe 3 characteristics of autocratic leaderships style
Alienation and demotivation of staff High degree of dependency on the leader Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else
27
Define democratic leadership and its 2 types
Decisions are made from different perspectives Consultative: process of consultation before decisions are taken Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to persuade others that the decision is correct
28
Characteristic of Laissez Faire leadership x4
Leaderships responsibilities are shared by all Useful in firms where creative ideas are important People have control over their work life Coordination and decision making can become time consuming
29
Describe paternalistic leadership x2
Leader believes in the need to support staff Leader makes decisions but may consult
30
Describe transactional leadership
Exchanging rewards for performance to maintain good working relationships
31
Describe 5 factors affecting leadership styles
Risk - based on degree of risk involved Type of business How important change is – change for change’s sake? Organisational culture – may be long embedded and difficult to change Nature of the task
32
3 ways to create a spirit filled motivating environment
Speak the right things Influence their attitudes Develop effective listening skills
33
Ways to improve leaderships skills x6
Think like a leader Use an appropriate leadership style Identify the right leadership situation Build your power base Exercise better judgement Improve leadership traits and skills
34
Define motivation and state the 3 main approaches
The intensity of a persons desire to engage in an activity Need based, process based and reinforcement based approaches
35
Describe the law of individual differences
A psychological term representing that people differ in personalities, abilities, self concept, values and needs
36
Define emotional intelligence
An assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to cope with environmental demands and pressures
37
State the 5 dimensions of emotional intelligence
Self-awareness of own feelings Self-management of own emotions Self-motivation in face of setbacks Empathy for others’ feelings Social skills to handle others’ emotions
38
Describe 4 types of formal teams
Cross cultural- members of different culture Cross functional- members of different departments Self managed- empowered to complete tasks and decides how to do the task Task forces- created to meet a given objective
39
Characteristics of a good team x5
Willing to take risks Everyone understands team goals Everyone takes initiative to get things done Team goals are given realistic time frames Everyone is supportive Each teammate trusts the judgement of others
40
What are ethical issues in human resource management x4
Employer employee relationship interaction Forms of communication Mutual expectation and responsibilities Rights and duties owed between employee and employer
41
What is discrimination based on x5
Age, gender, race, attractiveness, religion and disabilities
42
State the safety and principle of non maleficence x5
Do not harm Prevent harm Avoid harm Minimize harm Do risk and benefit assessment Do risk-risk assessment
43
Characteristics of beneficence x4
Good intentions Create good working environment Good effective communication No witch hunting and bullying Beware of safety
44
Respect in human resource management x5
Respect of : Persons Clients Rules and procedures Administrative and management structures Those who give opposing views
45
Types of justice
Social, criminal, mob, procedural, natural
46
Definitions of justice x4
Justice as fairness Justice as treating equals equally and unequal unequally Justice as equality before the law Justice as providing equal opportunity Justice in form and process
47
Define user fees
The money paid to gain access to a particular service or facility
48
What are the services provided by charm x4
Essential Health Services- primary and trauma care Infectious Disease Care Maternal Care Services Mental Health services
49
Describe the effect of service level utilization x3
CHAM continues to deliver quality health care to everyone Elimination of user fees of CHAM facilities Government repays for the cost of these services
50
Factors resulting in a hospital operating inside a PPF x5
Politics, theft, shortage of staff, wastage of resources, emergencies, bad work ethics
51
Effect of giving autonomy to central hospital managers x2
More efficiency No influence by external factors
52
Define equity
The quality of being fair or impartial
53
Goals of health equity x2
To ensure that individuals: Have equal access to healthcare Receive appropriate and high quality care
54
Importance of health outcomes x4
Social cohesion - strength of relationships Improved health outcomes Sustainable development Economic and social benefits
55
Factors affecting health equity x5
Race, gender, socioeconomic status, geographical location, language and cultural barriers, health insurance coverage, education
56
Define capital cost and recurrent cost
Capital cost- the total cost required for a project to be at its commercially operable state Recurrent costs is the regular cost incurred repeatedly
57
Describe the importance of service level agreement x4
Increases access, equity and quality of healthcare Reduces financial burden of health expenditure faced by poor communities Reduces demands on public services Increases coverage of essential health package services

Community Health (6 decks)

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