Health systems management 2 Flashcards
Describe the 2 types of economics
Microeconomics which focuses on individuals
Macroeconomics which focuses on the whole economy
Describe the difference between positive and normative economics
Positive- statement that describe how the economy works, the existing situations and conditions
Normative- statement that state preference of one outcome over the other ie prescribes solutions. Focuses on what the economy ought to be
Describe the difference between critical and simplifying assumptions
Critical- essential to the economic model and may affect its conclusions
Simplifying- help to understand the economic situation
Define the production possibility frontier
A graph that shows all possible combinations of two goods when an economy is producing at full potential
State 2 limitations of the PPF
It only shows what can be produced does not show what would be consumed
It assumes only two goods are produced
Define demand
It refers to a schedule of quantities of a good or service people are willing to buy at different prices
Define market equilibrium
It is where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, not supply=demand
Define health economics
a branch of economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in the allocation of health and healthcare
What is the purpose of studying health economics x2
Resources are finite
A choice must be made about which resources to use for which activities
Define economic evaluation
The comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and benefits
Differentiate between final and intermediate outcomes
Final is the direct measure of patient outcome, well being or productivity eg number of lives saved
Intermediate is the necessary steps in achieving the desired final outcomes eg antenatal visits
Define equity
It is the fair distribution of resources among different individuals and groups in society
Define conflict
The negative energy that builds up when individuals or groups of people pursue incompatible goals in their drive to meet their needs and interest
Describe the two types of conflict
Functional - support the goals of a group and improves its performance
Dysfunctional – conflict that hinders group performance
State the 3 levels of conflict
Individual, interpersonal, organizational/group
State some of the causes of interpersonal conflict x5
Unresolved disagreement that has escalated to an emotional level
Miscommunication leading to unclear expectations
Personality crashes- personal differences
Differences in acquired values
Underlying stress and tension
Describe the importance of the Johari window x2
Points out possible interpersonal styles
Can be used to sort out possible interpersonal conflict situations
State 4 causes of intergroup conflict
Goal variances
Status struggle
Differences in perceptions
Competition for resources
State 4 effects of conflict
Resentment
Avoidance
Verbal assault
Inability to work together
7 steps to restore conflict
Calm yourself
Restore order
Hear their stories
Listen carefully
Generate solutions
Agree on a solution
Test for satisfaction of solutions
Define leadership
Influencing others to work diligently towards achieving their goals
Describe the difference between leaders and managers
Managers have influence limited to their managerial positions
Leaders have managerial and personal power and influence on others
State 5 legitimate sources of power
Position in the organization
Expertise
Control over information or resources
Referent power
Reward
State 4 things involved in leadership
Clearly stating your vision
Explaining plans to attain your vision
Instilling confidence and optimism
Expressing confidence in those you lead
Give three characteristics of charismatic leadership
Workers respect and like their leaders so their are motivated to exert extra work effort
Most appropriate in a stressful and uncertain environment
It is built of a foundation of strong communication skills, persuasiveness and charm
Describe 3 characteristics of autocratic leaderships style
Alienation and demotivation of staff
High degree of dependency on the leader
Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else
Define democratic leadership and its 2 types
Decisions are made from different perspectives
Consultative: process of consultation before decisions are taken
Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to persuade others that the decision is correct
Characteristic of Laissez Faire leadership x4
Leaderships responsibilities are shared by all
Useful in firms where creative ideas are important
People have control over their work life
Coordination and decision making can become time consuming
Describe paternalistic leadership x2
Leader believes in the need to support staff
Leader makes decisions but may consult
Describe transactional leadership
Exchanging rewards for performance to maintain good working relationships
Describe 5 factors affecting leadership styles
Risk - based on degree of risk involved
Type of business
How important change is – change for change’s sake?
Organisational culture – may be long embedded and difficult to change
Nature of the task
3 ways to create a spirit filled motivating environment
Speak the right things
Influence their attitudes
Develop effective listening skills
Ways to improve leaderships skills x6
Think like a leader
Use an appropriate leadership style
Identify the right leadership situation
Build your power base
Exercise better judgement
Improve leadership traits and skills
Define motivation and state the 3 main approaches
The intensity of a persons desire to engage in an activity
Need based, process based and reinforcement based approaches
Describe the law of individual differences
A psychological term representing that people differ in personalities, abilities, self concept, values and needs
Define emotional intelligence
An assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to cope with environmental demands and pressures
State the 5 dimensions of emotional intelligence
Self-awareness of own feelings
Self-management of own emotions
Self-motivation in face of setbacks
Empathy for others’ feelings
Social skills to handle others’ emotions
Describe 4 types of formal teams
Cross cultural- members of different culture
Cross functional- members of different departments
Self managed- empowered to complete tasks and decides how to do the task
Task forces- created to meet a given objective
Characteristics of a good team x5
Willing to take risks
Everyone understands team goals
Everyone takes initiative to get things done
Team goals are given realistic time frames
Everyone is supportive
Each teammate trusts the judgement of others
What are ethical issues in human resource management x4
Employer employee relationship interaction
Forms of communication
Mutual expectation and responsibilities
Rights and duties owed between employee and employer
What is discrimination based on x5
Age, gender, race, attractiveness, religion and disabilities
State the safety and principle of non maleficence x5
Do not harm
Prevent harm
Avoid harm
Minimize harm
Do risk and benefit assessment
Do risk-risk assessment
Characteristics of beneficence x4
Good intentions
Create good working environment
Good effective communication
No witch hunting and bullying
Beware of safety
Respect in human resource management x5
Respect of :
Persons
Clients
Rules and procedures
Administrative and management structures
Those who give opposing views
Types of justice
Social, criminal, mob, procedural, natural
Definitions of justice x4
Justice as fairness
Justice as treating equals equally and unequal unequally
Justice as equality before the law
Justice as providing equal opportunity
Justice in form and process
Define user fees
The money paid to gain access to a particular service or facility
What are the services provided by charm x4
Essential Health Services- primary and trauma care
Infectious Disease Care
Maternal Care Services
Mental Health services
Describe the effect of service level utilization x3
CHAM continues to deliver quality health care to everyone
Elimination of user fees of CHAM facilities
Government repays for the cost of these services
Factors resulting in a hospital operating inside a PPF x5
Politics, theft, shortage of staff, wastage of resources, emergencies, bad work ethics
Effect of giving autonomy to central hospital managers x2
More efficiency
No influence by external factors
Define equity
The quality of being fair or impartial
Goals of health equity x2
To ensure that individuals:
Have equal access to healthcare
Receive appropriate and high quality care
Importance of health outcomes x4
Social cohesion - strength of relationships
Improved health outcomes
Sustainable development
Economic and social benefits
Factors affecting health equity x5
Race, gender, socioeconomic status, geographical location, language and cultural barriers, health insurance coverage, education
Define capital cost and recurrent cost
Capital cost- the total cost required for a project to be at its commercially operable state
Recurrent costs is the regular cost incurred repeatedly
Describe the importance of service level agreement x4
Increases access, equity and quality of healthcare
Reduces financial burden of health expenditure faced by poor communities
Reduces demands on public services
Increases coverage of essential health package services
