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IP 11 Food Animal Medicine > surgery - schultz > Flashcards

surgery - schultz Flashcards

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1
Q

4 routine Sx procedures performed frequently on food animals:

A

dehorning of cattle
dehorn goat / sheep
castration of calves
castration of piglet

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2
Q

what type of anesthesia is used for dehorning in cattle?

A

local - nerve block

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3
Q

what nerve block is used for de horning procedures in cattle?

A

cornual (zygomaticotemporal) nerve block

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4
Q

what is the landmark for the cornual (zytomaticotemporal) nerve block in cattle?

A

midway btwn the lateral canthus and the base of the horn

inject thru the frontalis muscle and under the lateral aspect of the temporal portion of the frontal bone

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5
Q

national recommendations suggest that cattle over what weight require anesthesia?

A

500 lbs

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6
Q

what type of anesthesia is used for dehorning anesthesia?

A

sedation AND local anesthesia

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7
Q

what nerves is desensitized in procedures to dehorn goats?

A

cornual branch of the lacrimal nerve

cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve

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8
Q

where is the cornual branch of the lacrimal nerve loc in goats?

A

loc at the Cd ridge of the supra orbital process

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9
Q

where ist he cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve loc in goats?

A

loc at the dorsomedial margin of the orbit

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10
Q

common local anesthetic used in goat dehorning?

A

xylazine

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11
Q

t/f

an alternative method for surgical dehorning is using caustic dehorning paste

A

true

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12
Q

when is it appropriate to use dehorning paste rather than surgical dehorning?

A

use on horn buds of young calves - horns that have NOT yet protruded from the skin yet

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13
Q

what is one caution to consider if the dehorning paste is used on young animals who are nursing?

A

they will bump their head on mom’s udder and the caustic paste will cause lesions on the udder

keep away from mom for about 12 hours

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14
Q

what tissue does the horn bud destroy?

A

eats tissue around the skin and epikeras

destroys the horny material

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15
Q

what instrument uses heat to dehorn?

A

dehorning irons

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16
Q

what is the power source for dehorning irons?

A

electric
gas
battery operated

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17
Q

any special considerations when using a dehorning iron on a goat?

A

goats have a much thinner skull than cattle

so only hold iron against head for 3 seconds to prevent thermal necrosis from occurring in the brain

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18
Q

how are scoop or tube dehorners used?

what age animal?

A

for newborn or young calves

push down and twist with the instrument

scoop out the horn or horn bud

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19
Q

risks using a scoop or tube dehorner?

A

you can push right through the thin skull of the goat if you are not careful

more opportunity for blood contamination here - can transmit BLV, anaplasma and other dzz - which would NOT be transmitted with a dehorning iron

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20
Q

what is a barnes dehorner?

how does it work?

what size horns is it best for?

A

for small to medium sized horns

the cutting end is located opposite the handle end

close the handles to open the cutting end up wide, place cutting end around the base of the horn, push down and push handles out, then pull it back out

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21
Q

what can be used to stop bleeding after useing a barnes dehorner?

A

electric dehorner
chemical powder
corn starch
hemostats

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22
Q

why can’t barnes dehorners be used on larger horns?

A

b/c higher risk you will open up a sinus if the horn is too big

23
Q

what can be used for medium to large sized horns?

2 options

A

Keystone and electric keystone dehorners

dehorning saw or Gigli wire saw

24
Q

how do keystone and electric keystone dehorners work?

A

cut tissue => do NOT crush skull

25
Q

t/f

anesthesia is always used during large animal castration procedures

why or why not?

A

false

frequently NOT used

economics, convenience

26
Q

when anesthesia is used for castration, what drug is often used and where is it applied?

A

lidocaine

injected into the spermatic cord (5-10 cc) and skin at the base of the scrotum

27
Q

why do animals often bleed more after a lidocaine infusion?

A

b/c lidocaine causes vasodilation

28
Q

what is typically administered at the time banding is done?

or 10-14 days before

A

tetanus vaccine

29
Q

what size must testicles be to band?

A

any size - just use appropriate sized band

30
Q

before castrating, what must you check?

A

make sure there are 2 testicles

31
Q

where is a castration band applied?

A

above BOTH testicles

32
Q

why is tetanus a concern after banding?

A

banding creates an anaerobic environment when it cuts off the arterial blood supply

tetanus is an anaerobic bacT and commonly infects the testicle after banded

33
Q

how do you know if the bands you are using are tight enough?

A

as you are applying them, about 1 in 10 should break, telling you that you have enough tension when you stretch it

34
Q

what is the mechanism of banders that leads to castration?

A

shuts off arterial flow so that necrosis and atrophy of the scrotum occurs

35
Q

how long after banding will the scrotum fall off?

A

2 weeks

36
Q

after the band is applied, the testicles should swell or shrink over the course of 14 days?

A

shrink

if they swell, you occluded venous flow and NOT arterial flow

it means that you did not put the band on tight enough

37
Q

what is a birdezzo used for?

A

castration

38
Q

how does a birdezzo work?

A

crushes blood supply and spermatic cord to cause atrophy of testicle

double crushes on each side

39
Q

t/f

it is important to crush the median raphe with the birdezzo

A

false

do NOT crush the median raphe

40
Q

why do you NOT want to crush the median raphe when applying the birdezzo for castration?

A

b/c it contains the blood supply to the scrotum and if you cut it off, then the scrotum AND testicles lose supply so nothing is there to contain the necrosis

the entire scrotum will fall off and leave a large gaping open wound

the band needs to stay intact to contain the necrosis and to seal the wound when the scrotum falls off

41
Q

what 2 methods can be used for open castration?

A

knife cut

Newberry knife

42
Q

how do you use a knife to perform castration?

A

hold bottom of scrotum, push testicles up, cut off bottom of scrotum and leave hole there

43
Q

t/f

the newberry has 2 cutting surfaces

A

true

44
Q

how do you apply the Newberry knife?

A

one hand pulls down on the bottom of the scrotum

2nd hand pushes testicles up

put the blade through tissue and then pull straight down

45
Q

what does the cut with the newberry knife create?

A

separates scrotum into front and back halves to allow access to both testicles

46
Q

does a knife cut castration or a newberry kinfe castration drain better?

why?

A

newberry drains better - b/c the edges of the cut are open more widely and the edges curve up - this remains open longer than a knife castration and is less likely to have infection

the knife cut produces a circular wound, which constricts and gets smaller as it heals, increasing chances for infection

47
Q

during a pull castration, what structure do you want to pull and what structure do you want to NOT break?

A

pull the cremaster muscle

but: do NOT break the spermatic cord and vessels

48
Q

how to apply an emasculator appropriately?

A

CRUSH THEN CUT

nut to nut (nut on emasculator applied in the direction of the testicle)

49
Q

why do emasculators work better when they are just slightly dull?

A

b/c when the knife part is mor sharp, it is less likely to crush then cut - it may just cut right away, causing you to lose the piece

50
Q

how does the henderson tool work?

what animals can it be used on?

A

spins to dec lumen of spermatic cord until it breaks off

any size - really good for large bulls b/c has little to no blood loss

51
Q

what equipment is needed for a pig castration?

A

No 12 blade

strong holder or a V-shaped trough

52
Q

what anesthesia is used for small piglet castration?

A

none

53
Q

what anesthesia is used for large piglets and boars?

where is it injected?

A

IM barbiturae injection into 1 testicle

54
Q

technique when castrating after barbiturate has been applied to one testicle?

A

cut off testicle without the barbiturate first, then the testicle with the barbiturate

pig wakes up soon after that.

IP 11 Food Animal Medicine (5 decks)

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