ruminant neuro - nagy Flashcards
1
Q
the classical approach to neurology strives to pin point exactly where the lesion is. how does the approach with production medicine neurology differ?
A
a more cocktail approach
goal: give well rounded Tx based on c/s and hope animal gets better
2
Q
what 4 basic regions of the brain can lesions be localized to?
A
cortex
cerebellum
brain stem
spinal cord
3
Q
3 basic etiologic categories of neuro cases:
A
- acquired biologic: bacT, virus, prion, nematodes, protozoa, fungi, arthropods
- acquired NON biologic: fracture, luxation, metabolic, Nn trauma, grass staggers
- congenital or hereditary: hydrancephaly, hydrocephalus, arthrogyposis, spastic paresis, Weaver syndrom
4
Q
neuro exam basics and steps:
A
- observe at a distance
- Cr N exam
- postural responses
- spinal reflexes
- palpation
5
Q
what to look for when examining the animal at a distance:
A
- gait - free movement, circles, incline/decline, pulling tail
- posture - head/neck, trunk, limbs
- mentation
6
Q
t/f
you should be able to pull a large Ruminant to the side by pulling its tail
A
false
if you can cause a large ruminant to fall off balance or move by pulling its tail, it has some amount of ataxia and/or weakness
7
Q
why might you have the animal walk on an incline?
A
neuro signs that manifest in the gait will be exacerbated on an incline/decline
8
Q
what are examples of abnormal mentation in an animal?
A
excitement/mania seizures depression aimless mevement stupor/coma abnormal vocalizations blindness
9
Q
t/f
an animal’s ability to respond normally to environmental stimuli is an important indication of cortical health
A
true
10
Q
evaluating the visual ability in an animal evaluates fxn of what structures?
A
ocular structures
CrN 2
visual cortex
11
Q
symmetry of eye position evaluates what structures?
A
CrN 3, 4, 6 and sympathetic Nn
12
Q
symmetry of pupil diameter evaluates what structures?
A
CrN 2 and 3 and sympathetic nerves
13
Q
facial symmetry can evaluate which structures?
A
CrN 5 and 7
14
Q
what CrNn does the menace response evaluate?
A
CrN 2 and 7
15
Q
if the menace response does not occur, what might be the case?
A
animal is non visual
neonatal
some cerebellar lesions
16
Q
what does the PLR evaluate?
A
CrN 2 and 3
17
Q
is the PLR typically faster or slower in ruminants?
A
typically slow in Ru
18
Q
what does the palpebral reflex evaluate?
A
CrN 5 and 7
19
Q
what does the corneal reflex evaluate?
A
CrN 5 and 7
20
Q
what CrNn are required for eye movement?
A
CrN 3, 5, 6 and 8
21
Q
response to nasal stimulation requires which CrNn?
A
CrN 5 and 7
22
Q
response to aural stimulation requires which CrNn?
A
CrN 5 and 7
23
Q
tongue tone is dependent on which CrN?
A
CrN 12
24
Q
swallowing reflex uses which CrNn?
A
CrNn 9, 10 and 12
25
what to look for during an ophthalmoscopic exam?
papilledema
retinal hemorrhage
uveitis
26
why might uveitis be present in a neuro animal?
infection in the brain may enter the eye
27
why is an obstacle test important?
| what variation of the test will reveal more about an animal's visual abilities?
assesses vision and ability to navigate
testing in low contrast will exacerbate visual impairment, if present
28
what postural reactions are used?
which are of most value and easiest to do in large ruminants d/t their size?
- wheelbarrow
- hopping
- hemi walking
- hemi standing
- placing
- proprioception
* proprioception easiest
29
panniculus reflex tests which spinal Nn in cattle?
which cattle have a very well developed panniculus reflex?
C8, T1 and T2
absent Cd to L3
Bos indicus more developed reflex than bos taurus
30
the patellar reflex tests which spinal Nn?
L4, L5, L6 and femoral N
31
the perineal reflex tests which spinal Nn?
when is a good time to test for this reflex? what will occur if it strong?
s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, pudendal. Cd rectal Nn
assess upon rectal palpation - they should squeeze against your arm
32
what Nn does the withdrawl reflex stimulate in each limb?
thoracic: C5, T2 and radial N
pelvic: L5, s1 and femoral N
33
palpation?
I don't know what was on this slide....
maybe some indications to do a palpation?
sweating
pain
atrophy
34
signs of cortical dz:
```
change in mentation
head pressing
propulsive walking
convulsions
opisthotonus
```
NORMAL: gait, posture, spinal reflexes
35
signs of cerebellar dz:
```
abnormal gait [ataxia, truncal sway, hypermetria]
abnormal posture
spinal reflexes may be abnormal
head tremor or bobbing
absent menace
nystagmus
```
NORMAL: strength and proprioception, mentation
36
what might multiple cranio facial defects in a young animal [cerebellar signs] suggest?
viral infection in utero
37
signs of brainstem dz:
- mentation, gain, posture, spinal reflexes depend on where specifically the lesion is in the brainstem
- blindness
- flaccid tongue
- head tilt
- circling
- facial paralysis
- anisocoria
- miosis
- ptosis
- 3rd eyelid flash during menace - can see but cannot blink
38
signs of spinal cord dz:
```
abnormal gait and posture
maybe spinal reflexes
UMN signs
LMN signs
stiff neck [cervical lesion]
```
NORMAL MENTATION
39
what are UMN signs?
inc extensor tone
| exaggerated spinal reflexes
40
what are LMN signs?
paresis -> paralysis
dec spinal reflexes
41
UMN or LMN dz MC in food animals?
LMN dz
42
peripheral N dz may originate in which places?
brachial plexus
suprascapular N
radial N
femoral N
obturator N
sciatic N
peroneal N
tibial N
43
what does brachial plexus dz look like?
C6-T2 [cattle]
T1 [small Ru]
inability to bear weight on front limbs
44
suprascapular N lesion:
C6-C7
| abduction and circumduction during motion
45
radial N lesion:
C7-C8 -> extensors or carpus and digit
| inability to advance the limb
46
femoral N lesion:
L4-L5
| inability to support weight
47
obturatory N lesion:
L4-L6 (adductors of the limb)
| wide based stance in pelvic limbs
48
sciatic N lesion:
L5, L6-s1, s2
weakness
knuckling at fetlock
*common in cattle
49
peroneal N lesion:
branch of sciatic
lateral stifle damage
knuckling of fetlock
50
tibial N lesion:
sciatic branch
hyperflexion of hock
knuckling of fetlock
51
important info to take away from Hx?
duration of signs
additions to the herd
changes in feed
water source
52
options for tests in Ruminant neuro dz?
CSF tap
x rays
CT scan
specific assays
53
CSF composition in viral dz?
protein 50-100
cells 50-100
monocytes and lymphocytes
54
CSF composition in bacT dz?
prot over 100
cells over 100
PMNs
55
CSF of degenerative dz?
protein less than 50
cells less than 10
monocytes
56
normal CSF?
prot: less than 50
cells: less than 10
lymphocytes
57
what are landmarks for cisterna magna CSF tap?
- wings of atlas
- on dorsal mid line
- depth of 2-3 inches
58
lumbosacral CSF tap?
- dorsal mid line
- sacral tubers
- Cd to L6
- Cr to sacrum
- depth of 3 inches
59
which type of CSF tap is done MC in ruminants?
lumbosacral tap
60
typical indications for x rays:
- traumatic spinal cord dz
- congenital malformations
- vertebral osteomyelitis
- lead ingestion
61
typical indications for CT scan:
- cortical/brainstem abscess
- cerebellar hypoplasia
- malformations
*faster than MRI and better for bones
62
what specific assays are often run on ruminants as indicated?
```
blood lead
serum/CSF sodium
serum/CSF Mg
blood pH
blood Ca
```
63
what anti convulsants are used in neuro dz?
diazepam
| phenobarbital
64
what anti inflammatory agents often used in neuro dz?
steroids - dexamethasone and prednisolone Na succinate
flunixin meglumaine (banamine)
65
what anti edema agents are often used in neuro dz?
mannitol
| furosemide
66
what abx often used for neuro dzz?
Penicillin
Oxytetracyline
TMS (trimethroprim/sulfadiazine)
67
what are some management practices that might be specific preventative measures to take?
```
alter feed/water source
remove animals from pasture
remove lead source
alter vacc program
alter breeding program
monthly anthelminthic therapy
```
68
what is the nature of peripheral nerve disorders often?
infectious
| traumatic
69
what infectious nerve disorders commonly affect the periphery in food animals?
Botulism
| Tick paralysis
70
how to treat peripheral N disorders:
- restrict movement
- reduce perineural swelling
- time
- wrap/splint/cast if dragging limb
71
what are 2 common causese of femoral N damage?
- forced traction posterior presentation
- hyperextension of hip
*often occurs when pulling a calf during dystocia - causes damage
72
c/s of femoral nerve damage?
- inability to bear weight
- patellar laxity, lateral displacement of patella, absent patellar reflex
- flexion of stifle, hock, fetlock and pastern
- atrophy at 5-7 days
73
what are 2 common causes of sciatic N damage?
- pressure ischemia at calving
| - injection site abscess
74
c/x of sciatic N damage?
- knuckling of fetlock
- dropped hock
- patellar reflex intact
- maybe: tail and anal tone issues, atonic bladder
75
common cause of peroneal N damage?
pressure damage over lateral stifle
76
c/s of peroneal n damage?
over extension of hock
knuckling of fetlock - inability to extend digit and walking on dorsum of fetlock
analgesia of craniolateral limb
77
common cause of tibial N damage?
ventro medial Cd thigh injection abscesses
78
c/s of tibial N damage?
- no drop in hock
- knuckling of fetlock
- atrophy of gastrocnemius
- analgesia of caudomedial limb
*FOOT PLACEMENT NORMAL
79
common cause of obturator N damage?
intrapelvic trauma
80
c/s of obturator nerve damage?
hopping gait
***abducted pelvic limbs - wide base stance is very characteristic
traumatic falls may occur 2*
hobbles
81
what nerves are often affected during calving paralysis?
what typically causes this disorder?
Tx?
sciatic and obturator Nn
associated w dystocia
Tx: hobbles
82
common cause of radial N dz?
- prolonged recumbency
| - lateral aspect humerus
83
c/s of radial N damage?
- inability to advance
- dropped elbow
- flexion of carpus, fetlock and patern
- can bear weight if locked in extension
84
what management issue predisposes animal to ascending meningitis?
short tail dock
85
c/s of ascending meningitis?
- progressive rear limb weakness -> paralysis
| - possibly a distended bladder or draining tract
86
Tx ascending meningitis?
clean wound and give Abx that will penetrate lipid layers of the dura
87
what type of pathogen often responsible for ascending meningitis?
anaerobic pathogen
88
what is the specific etiology of tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
89
what does clostridium tetani produce that is harmful?
| what does it do?
exotoxin
binds inhibitory neuron and inhibits relaxation -> extensional rigidity
90
common time to come down with tetanus?
from parturition to shortly post partum (metritis predisposes animal to tetanus)
erupting teeth
castration
tail docking
shearing
91
c/s of tetanus?
- slow onset
- 3rd eyelid prolapse
- bloat [strong Rumen contractions, difficulty eating, salivation]
- "pump handle tail" - arch in base of tail b/c contraction at base of tail head
- "saw horse stance" - inability to contract limbs
- pyrexia d/t sustained skeletal mm contraction
92
what is the cause of death often in tetanus?
respiratory arrest -> respiratory Mm paralyzed
93
tx of tetanus?
- procaine Pen G
- local injection of antitoxin
- debride and clean necrotic wounds
- acepromazine
- dark quiet stall
- neuromuscular relaxants: diazepam, dantrolene [extra label use]
94
what effects does acepromazine have when given during tetanus infection
dec spontaneous motor activity
dec tetanic response to stimuli
95
t/f
tetanus anti toxin only works on unbound toxin to prevent further binding but does NOT have an effect on toxins that are already bound
true
96
how to control tetanus?
- elastrator band to castrate rather than make a large hole/wound
- vaccinate sheep 2-6 wks before lambing
- vaccinate lambs during castration and tail dock -> and booster them
97
t/f
cattle are routinely vaccinated for tetanus
false
98
vertebral body abscess often occurs 2* to what?
2* to bacteremia
99
c/s of vertebral body abscess?
paresis / paralysis
may become so large it will luxate a vertebral body
100
dx vertebral body abscess?
radiographs
| CSF
101
tx of vertebral body abscess?
often is unrewarding :(
try Abx
surgical debridement and stabilization
102
spastic paresis is common in what breeds of cattle d/t inherited defect?
angus
shorthorn
holstein
ayrshire
103
at what age does spastic paresis present commonly?
what signs?
3-8 mos old [NORMAL at birth]
very straight hocks with elevated tail head
tetanic extension of rear leg
exaggerated muscular tone -> hypersensitive myotatic stretch reflex
often uni lateral
Right MC affected than Left
104
dx of spastic paresis?
c/s
tibial nerve infiltration
epidural
105
tx of spastic peresis?
tibial N neurectomy
106
what are 4 common cerebellar dzz?
- grass staggers
- cerebellar hypoplasia
- cerebellar abiotrophy
- storage dzz
107
what breeds MC get inherited cerebellar hypoplasia?
```
hereford
shorthorn
angus
holstein
guernsey
ayrshire
```
108
when acquired, what is the etiology of cerebellar hypoplasia?
in utero BVD or border dz infection
109
c/s of cerebellar hypoplasia?
- intention tremor
- spasticity
- dysmetria
- incoordination
- occasional convulsions
110
what are 2 common brain stem dzz?
listeriosis
| otitis media/interna
111
what is the etiology of listeriosis?
Listeria monocytogenes
112
what dz syndromes does listeria monocytogenes cause?
- meningencephalitis
- abortion
- mastitis
- septicemia
113
t/f
listeria monocytogenes is a normal inhabitant of the ruminant GIT
true
114
t/f
listeria monocytogenes survives well in the soil
true
115
t/f
listeria thrives in an acidic environment
false
alkaline
pH over 5.5
116
c/s of listeriosis:
- dull, depressed - Reticular activating system (RAS) signs
- ASYMMETRIC cranial Nn: ear, eye and lip droop, deviation of nasal filtrum, circling, head tilt, horizontal nystagmus, loss of jaw tone, dysphagia, recumbency
117
which CrNn are MC affected in listeriosis?
CrNn 5, 7, 8
118
how does listeria enter the body?
unknown completely:
aerosol
oral wounds
119
incubation period for listeria?
2-5 wks
120
what type of lesion does listeria form in the brain?
in what region, specifically?
micro abscesses
in the brainstem
121
dx of listeriosis?
- c/s
- CSF tap
- necropsy
122
what kind of CSF tap for listeriosis?
viral tap
mononuclear pleocytosis
inc protein
123
what necropsy lesions of listeriosis?
NO GROSS LESIONS
micro abscesses and perivascular cuffing
124
tx of listeriosis:
Abx - oxy tet, procaine Pen G, ampicillin
anti inflammatories - NSAIDS, steriods [controversial]
correct metabolic abnormalities
environmental control
125
prognosis of listeriosis?
good - if treated early
may have some residual damage
126
what metabolic abnormalities may occur with listeriosis?
acidemia [d/t loss of bicarb in saliva from excessive drooling]
electrolyte abnormalities
127
in what animals is otitis media / interna MC seen?
- feedlot animals
- lambs
- camelids
128
otitis can be caused 2* to what ascending infection?
what descending infection?
ascending: pneumonia
descending: ticks and mites
129
what microbes are isolated often in cases of otitis?
```
pasteurella multocida
manheimia haemolytica
hemophilus somnus
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
mycoplasma bovis
```
130
t/f
many otitis agents are respiratory agents that gain access into the ear canal
true
131
c/s of otitis:
often unilateral presentation
alert, good appetite
fall to side of lesion - vestibular signs
facial paralysis [otitis media] - ptosis and drooped ear
otic discharge [media]
heat tilt [interna]
132
tx otitis?
abx - oxy tet, procaine pen, florfenicol
treat ear mites and ticks
px 1* respiratory dz
133
t/f
d/t camelids narrow ear canal, a good tx option for otitis is a deep ear flush
false
d/t their narrow canal, do not do a flush b/c it is not good for cleaning out easily and will likely just push stuff deeper into the ear canal
134
bacT meningitis is 2* to what type of infection?
2* to hematogenous spread from septicemia
135
bacT meningitis often occurs in young or old stock?
often d/t what condition?
MC young stock
often d/t FPT
136
what types of trauma often lead to bacT meningitis?
dehorning
| trephine sequellae
137
what microbes often cause bacT meningitis in calves?
e coli
salmonella dublin
arcanobacterium pyogenes
138
what microbes often cause bacT meningitis in lambs?
pasturella multocida
manheimia haemolytica
staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus spp
139
c/s of meningitis?
- hyperesthesia, hyperalgesia
- seizures
- stiff neck, high head
- depression
- pyrexia
- teeth grinding
- infections at other sites [polyarithritis, hypoopyon, omphalophlebitis]
140
what is phyopyon?
pus in the anterior chamber of the eye
141
what does CSF of meningitis patient reveal?
- inc cells: 1* PMNs
- inc protein
- maybe xanthochromia [yellowing d/t RBC - lyse]
- maybe turbidity
142
t/f
tests to confirm FPT in a calf is one way to confirm meningitis as well
false
FPT suggests the calf is AT RISK for the development of meningitis
143
necropsy lesions seen in bacT meningitis?
- hyperemia and opacification of meninges
- fibrin deposition
- alternate site of infection => supports sepsis
144
meningitis Tx?
Abx - ceftiofur and ampicililn/amoxicillin
anti inflammatories - dex, banamine
anti consultants if needed
supportive care - plasma transfusion, electrolytes, monitor for blood glucose, remove or Tx septic foci [joints, umbilicus]
145
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis is d/t what pathogen?
Histophilus somnii infection
146
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis is MC seen in what animals?
feedlot cattle
147
how do animals present for Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis infections?
are these presentations often seen in the same animal?
pneumonic
arthritic
neurologic
NOT often seen in same animal -> but seen w/in same herd or group of animals
148
what dz outbreak often occurs a week or 2 prior to an outbreak of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?
pneumonia
149
what is TEME often d/t?
| c/s of TEME?
vasculitis and DIC inducedby immunologic response
```
c/s: asymmetrical neuro signs - abnormal gait, rear limb stiffness, ataxia, knuckling
high fever
retinal hemorrhage commmon
blind, head pressing, lateral recumbency
CrN deficits
```
150
dx of TEME based on CSF?
inc prot
inc cells [PMNs]
xanthochromie [bleeding]
151
why is serology of NO value to Dx TEME?
tells you exposure to pathogen and generation of Aby response - may be positive d/t respiratory issue and NOT TEME
152
bacteriology analysis of TEME based on what methods?
CSF
TTW (trans tracheal wash)
post mortem
153
what signs of TEME found during necropsy?
infarcts
| DIC
154
TEME tx?
earlier = better
| Abx
155
TEME px?
early recognition of Bovine Respiratory Dz Complex (BRDC)
vaccination - may not px neuro form of pathogens
156
what is sinusitis often associated with?
| what species?
dehorning
| often goats
157
common causes of brain abscess?
post dehorning
| hematogenous spread
158
common pathogen assoc w brain abscesses?
Truperella pyogens
159
c/s of brain abscess?
depression
head pressing, propulsive walking
blindness - contra lateral - early
transient excitement
160
onset of brain abscess is often gradual or abrupt?
gradual
161
clinicopathologic findings of brain abscess:
NT pleocytosis
| inc CSF production
162
Tx of brain abscess?
unrewarding - b/c need drainage and you cannot drain the brain
163
what production animal MC affected w rabies?
cattle
164
incubation of rabies?
3 wks usually
165
transmission of rabies?
migrates along nerves
sets up in cortical brain
shed in saliva and milk
166
2 forms of rabies:
which MC in cattle?
paralytic form - knuckling at fetlocks, swaying, deviation or flaccid tail, drooling, bloat, yawn
furious form - hyper responsive to sound, violent attacks, loud bellowing, sudden collapse
cattle MC get paralytic form
167
dx rabies?
histopathology
| FA
168
common name for Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy?
scrapie
169
etiology of scrapie?
prion - misfolded protein
170
what species affected by scrapie?
what species MC?
sheep and goats
SHEEP MC
171
1* transmission route of scrapie?
placental fluid
172
what sheep breed is very strongly associated with scraple?
Suffolk breed
173
t/f
scrapie is considered endemic in US
true
174
what gene is associated with scrapie?
PRNP gene
175
what locus of the gene is affected in scrapie?
which form is MC in US?
locus 136 - Europe
locus 171 - US
176
genetic testing for scrapie is done commonly in sheep herds.
what does each of the genotypes mean in terms of susceptibility?
```
QQ = susceptible to scrapie
QR = resistant to scrapie
RR = resistant to scrapie
```
177
c/s of scrapie?
```
abnormal beh, mentation
prutitis - trauma, wool loss, aural hematomas
fine tremors, Mm fasciculations
hypermetria
wt loss
progressive weakness
blindness
```
178
what is the "scratch reflex"?
used to be used to Dx scrapie - if the animal became itchy and moved its lips when you scratched it
NOT DIAGNOSTIC
179
CSF in scrapie?
normal
180
Dx of scrapie via histo path of what structure?
3rd eyelid
181
what is gold standard Dx of scrapie?
IHC on formalin fixed brain tissue
necropsy
182
post mortem signs of scrapie in brain tissue:
spongiform encephalopathy
| neuronal degeneration
183
Tx, Px and control of scrapie?
NO Tx - slaughter
control: REPORTABLE DZ
eradication programs
184
t/f
polioenecphaolmalacia is a pathologic lesion and is also used to describe a clinical disease in cattle
true
185
polioenecphaolmalacia is what pathologic lesion?
necrosis of gray matter in the brain
186
polioencephalomalacia is often d/t deficiency of what nutrient?
Thiamine
187
what metabolic pathway is involved in thiamine metabolism?
pentose phosphate pathway
188
what occurs in the brain d/t thiamine deficiency
dec cerebral glucose oxidation => cerebral edema
189
polioenecphaolmalacia can be caused by excess of what nutrient?
sulfur
190
what 2 bacT produce thiaminases and may lead to polioenecphaolmalacia?
they are grown commonly under what conditions in the body?
Cl. sporogenes
Bacillus spp
- grain engorgement
191
ingestion of what plant may lead to thiaminase consumption and polioenecphaolmalacia ?
brachen fern
192
what drug has a high concentration of thiamine analogs and may lead do polioenecphaolmalacia ?
amprolium intoxication
| coccidiostat drug
193
how does sulfur induced polioenecphaolmalacia occur?
sulfur and sulfate are converted to sulfide gas in the rumen
H2S is eructated, absorbed across the rumen wall or eructated and absorbed by the lung
194
c/s of polioenecphaolmalacia ?
common age of presentation?
WHAT IS THE ONE BIG SIGN CLASSICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH polioenecphaolmalacia ?
MC 3 mo - 2 yrs
```
symmetric
cortical blindness [normal PLRs and pupil size]
depression
disorientation
head pressing
excitation leading to opithotuonus
papilledema
```
DORSO MEDIAL STRABISMUS
ventro lateral strabismus may occur late in dz
195
CSF of polio?
normal cells and prot
inc CSF pressure
196
Dx of thiamine dependent form of polio:
dec blood thiamine
inc blood pyruvate
dec RBC transketolase activity
***tests are available but are NOT commonly done
197
Dx of sulfur induced polio:
rumen gas cap H2S concentration
198
post mortem lesions of polio?
necrosis of grey matter
UV light
flattening of gyri
199
polio Tx?
early = better success
Thiamine hydrochloride, IV
supportive Tx - electrolytes, alfalfa slurry, transfaunate, mannitol and dex for cerebral edema
200
control of the thiamine-dependent form of polio:
- acclimate to diet changes to concentrate
- provide adequate roughage
- dec exposure to thiamine analogues or ingested thiaminases
201
control the sulfur associated form of polio?
dec sulfate or sulfur ingestion
202
what feeds are often found to contain high amounts of sulfur?
```
water
molasses
distillers grains
beet pulp
gypsum
Ca sulfate
ammonium sulfate
```
203
what is the MC intoxicant of cattle
lead poisoning
204
common sources of lead for cattle:
```
paint
batteries*
used motor oil*
plumber's lead
machinery grease*
linoleum
```
205
c/s of lead poisoning - acute neurological form:
```
excitation
twitching
head pressing
tetany, convulsions
cortical blindness
CrN depression
rumen atony
```
206
c/s of lead poisoning - abdominal / sub acute neurologic form:
depression, anorexia
colic, severe abdominal pain
blind, hyperesthesia
grind teeth
207
dx of lead poisoning?
- blood lead levels
- tissue lead: kidney and liver
- inc blood, urine and fecal porphyrins
- inc urine gamma ALA activity
208
CSF of lead poisoning?
normal
209
Tx lead poisoning?
chealtor***
best chelator: Ca-disodium EDTA
thiamin
cathartics - to move lead out -typically do NOT work
rumenotomy
210
what causes salt poisoning?
water deprivation AND
| hypernatremia (high Na)
211
predisposing causes to salt poisoning?
- ruminants put to pasture w no water
- frozen water during winter
- lack of water in heat
- high salt (Na) diets
- stray voltage in waterers
- improper formulation of electrolytes
212
what is the pathogenesis of salt poisoning?
- creation of hyperosmolar state: water exits brain cells and goes into CSF to re establish equilibrium
- rapid water intake or rehydration: now the brain cells are hypersomolar relative to the plasma/CSF
- water flows down the new gradient created and flows into the brain cells
- cerebral edeam is result
213
what cortical signs are seen with cerebral edema of salt poisoning?
- lethargy, depression
- ataxia, knuckling at fetlocks, terminal recumbency
- excitable, agression
214
Dx salt poisoning?
serum / CSF Na and osmolality
215
t/f
if CSF and serum Na and osmolality numbers are normal, the animal is not in danger from cerebral edeam / salt poisoning?
false
numbers are relative - absolute number does not matter but the gradient is what is important
216
post mortem, what is seen in salt poisoning?
cerebral edema
encephalomalacia
eosionphilic perivascular cuffing in SWINE
mononuclear perivascular cuffing in RUMINANTS
217
Tx of salt poisoning?
- slowly add water
- do NOT add hypotonic fluid- add fluids which match the serum osmolality
- permit slow excretion of Na load
- steroids
- anti convulsants
