Hemolymphatic Dz - Nagy Flashcards
1
Q
what is the most common cancer of cattle?
A
lymphosarcoma (LSA)
2
Q
what are the 4 manifestations of LSA in cattle?
A
- juveline multicentric
- thymic
- cutaneous
- enzzotic bovine leukosis
3
Q
of the 4 manifestations of LSA, which is caused by a virus?
A
enzootic bovine leukosis
4
Q
Juvenile multicentric LSA is:
BLV associated or non BLV associated?
A
NON BLV accociated
5
Q
what is the typical age of juvenile multicentric LSA?
A
- birth to 6 months
6
Q
is the nature of onset of juvenile multicentric LSA chronic or acute?
A
acute - sudden onset
7
Q
what are clinical signs of juvenile multicentric LSA?
A
- variable: depending on the location of the tumor
liver = jaundice GIT = diarrhea, wasting
8
Q
how common is a diagnosis of juvenile multicentric LSA?
A
uncommon - b/c often no necropsy is carried out
9
Q
T/F
there are many anti cancer drug options in food animal medicine.
A
false
dexamethosone is one of few - and patient cannot handle prolonged exposure to high doses of steroids
10
Q
is thymic LSA BLV associated or non BLV associated?
A
Non BLV associated
11
Q
what is the typical age of presentation of thymic LSA?
A
6-24 months
12
Q
does thymic LSA affect the cervical or intrathoracic thymus?
A
either one
13
Q
what are common signs associated with cervical thymic LSA?
A
- swelling neck
- bloat, if capacity of eructation or swallowing occurs
14
Q
what are common signs associated with intra thoracic thymic LSA?
A
- bloat and other lesions suggestive of a mass in the chest
- tachycardia, tachypnea -> bc space occupying lesion in chest impedes heart pump or breathing ability
15
Q
what is diagnostic for thymic LSA?
A
- biopsy
16
Q
what cell line is affected in T cell lymphoma?
A
T cell lymphoma
17
Q
what is the prognosis of thymic LSA?
A
poor — it is fatal
18
Q
is cutaneous LSA BLV associated or not?
A
NOT BLV associated
19
Q
what age is common for cutaneous LSA?
A
1-3 years
20
Q
clin signs of cutaneous LSA?
A
many bumps all over (LSA masses)
21
Q
diagnosis of cutaneous LSA?
A
biopsy
22
Q
can cattle recover from cutaneous LSA?
A
yes - it is the only form of LSA where the animal may get better
spontaneous remission without recurrence
23
Q
is enzootic bovine leukosis BLV associated?
A
YES
24
Q
what age cattle does enzootic bovine leukosis occur?
A
4-8 years
25
what virus is enzootic bovine leukosis associated with?
BLV = bovine leukemia virus
26
how common is infection with BLV in the US dairy herd?
very common
27
how common is LSA in US diary herd?
uncommon - much less common than BLV infection
28
about what % of infected US diary cows do not show any clinical signs
65%
29
about what % of infected US dairy cows experience persistent lymphocytosis from BLV infection?
30%
30
how is BLV transmitted?
hematologically primarily - an infected lymphocyte from infected cow to non infected cow
31
besides BLV, what is another differential for persistent lymphocytosis?
bone marrow problem
32
why is the 30% of cows with high lymphocyte count a concern on farms?
their lymphocytes are virally infected so the cows act as "typhoid mary cows" and spread the virus with less blood b/c a higher proportion of their cells are infected
33
what % of cows develop a tumor as a result of BLV?
5%
34
what is the MC sign associated w LSA?
lymphadenopathy
35
LSA clin sign: peripheral / central lymphadenopathy
where does it occur? and what signs occur as a result?
- enlarged nodes
- bloat [if intrathoracic esophagus is impinged]
- choke
- intestinal obstruction
- lymphatic obstruction
36
retrobulbar signs of LSA?
- exopthalmos
- exposure keratitis
- proptosis of globe
"bug eyed" look due to high intraocular pressure
37
right heart signs of LSA?
can it occur on both sides of the heart?
yes, can occur on both sides of the heart
- muffled heart sounds
- pericardial effusion
- murmur
- arrhythmia
- heart failure
38
what are some effects of lymphosarcoma in the non gravid uterus?
how can LSA present in the uterus? [focal, diffuse, etc]
- early embryonic death (b/c of poor attachment)
- abortion (b/c of poor attachment)
- infertility
- dystocia (due to mass obstructing parturition)
- mass in uterus
can present as a mass or infiltrates tissue diffusely
39
how does LSA in the GIT present?
| what part of the GIT?
melena
pain
outflow obsruction
Abomasum
40
what signs does extradural LSA cause?
what part of the spinal cord is it located in?
paresis
ataxia
paralysis
loc: inside the spinal column (bone) but outside of the dura
41
what internal organs does LSA often affect?
spleen
liver
kidney / ureters
bone marrow
42
what type of virus is BLV?
| what does this mean in terms of the nature of the infection?
retrovirus
once infected, the animal will have it for life
43
T/F: the cell free phase of the BLV is present in the body of the animal.
FALSE - the cell free phase is NOT found in the body
44
in what cells is the BLV found?
lymphocytes
45
dehorning procedures typically do NOT risk BLV spread.
F: dehorning procedures do present an opportunity to transmit blood
disinfect instruments to dec transmission
also: cut then burn for better hemostasis on smaller buds
46
how can veterinarians reduce the risk of spread of BLV during surgical procedures, blood sampling and rectal examination?
use new materials for each cow - do NOT reuse needles or instruments or palpation sleeves
47
T/F
| tattoo ink is viricidal so tattooing cattle does not pose a risk to BLV transmission
false
ink is NOT viricidal so tattooing can, in theory, transmit BLV
48
T/F
| if a rectal sleeve does not have any blood on it after palpation, it is safe to use on another cow.
false
even in the absence of visible blood, multiple uses of a sleeve will spread the virus
49
what do studies regarding BLV transmission via colostrum state?
why is this the result?
variable transmission via colostrum
colostrum is a prime source for BLV but it is also packed with antibody (Aby)
colostrum is more infectious if given sub q - when administered orally, how it should be given, it is less infectious
50
how long does BLV live outside the body?
what does this mean for the transmission of BLV via flies?
45 mins
flies are very infectious and can transmit the BLV from animal to animal
51
what reproduction methods transmit the virus? what methods are safe?
natural service does transmit virus
AI and ET (embryo transfer) do NOT move the virus
52
t/f
BLV is more prevalent in pasture vs confined animals
false
it is more prevalent in confined animals
53
BLV cannot be transmitted in utero
false
BLV is transmitted in utero
54
what Aby (antibody) tests are available for BLV testing?
AGID
ELISA
Western immunoblot
55
which Aby test is used MC to test for BLV?
ELISA
56
what do the results of the ELISA BLV test indicate?
Tells you if you have an aby response
if animal is infected, they will have an aby response w/in 2 weeks and will stay positive for the rest of their lives
57
what happens to levels of aby in the dam around the time of calving?
as a result, are levels detectable by aby tests?
they fall - aby move from dam and into colostrum
ELISA can detect these lower levels but AGID test cannot
58
what BLV antigen tests exist?
PCR
Virus isolation
SIA
59
which antigen test is MC used to detect BLV?
PCR
60
what does a positive PCR and positive aby test for BLV from a calf indicate?
the calf is positive
61
what does a pos aby test and a negative PCR test for BLV Indicate?
the calf is negative
| assume the pos aby test is due to the colostrum in the young calf
62
what are the 3 testing modalities available for BLV testing?
- aby (antibody)
- ag (antigen)
- Hematologic assay
63
what are some reasons to test for BLV?
- animal movement requirements
- assist in Dx of LSA
- herd status info
- voluntary control / eradication program
64
t/f
| the US has worked extensively to eradicate BLV from the US dairy herd
false
US has NOT - voluntary eradication programs exist
many other countries in the world have worked to eradicate themselves of BLV
65
how is diagnosis of BLV made?
- viral infection
serology [most useful test]
PCR
hematologic assays
- cancer
hisology
66
in general, how prevalent is BLV in the US dairy herd?
very prevalent
1996: 88% of US dairy herds infected
2007: 84% of US dairy herds infected
67
how prevalent is BLV in the US beef herd?
much less than the dairy herd
about 30% of beef herds and 10% of beef cattle
smaller herds more infected b/c larger herds are on large ranges typically - more land to roam than a smaller hobby herd
68
what is the highest cause of slaughter condemnations for cattle in the US?
LSA
69
why is BLV a concern in the US?
export
public perception
test free herds
health and welfare of cattle
70
t/f
| persistent lymphocytosis cows have an increased risk in developing cancer due to LSA
false
71
to limit blood transfer and prevent BLV transmission in calves, what measures can be taken?
- cautery dehorning methods
- clean and disinfect instruments
- single use bleeding needles
- fly control
- separate calves from adults
72
which of the following contain virus:
frozen colostrum
pasteurized colostrum
milk replacer
milk replacer: NO
pasteruized: NO
frozen colostrum: YES
73
prevention methods fora adult cattle?
limit blood transfer
segregation of positive and negative animals
purchased additions NEGATIVE tested
74
will a seestock producer or a commercial producer more likely recuperate money to justify testing / eradication of BLV?
seedstock producer
75
when considering if a herd should make efforts to eradicate / reduce BLV, what should you think about?
- client goals
- nature of operation - seedstock vs commercial
- prevalence: 10% vs 90%
- farm practices - are they willing to change?
76
what type of parasite is anaplasmosis?
hemoparasite
77
how is anaplasmosis transmitted?
- Dermacentor ticks
| - horseflies in SE US
78
what are the reservoirs for anaplasmosis?
cattle - sub clin infections
sheep / goats
wild ruminants
79
what is the distribution of anaplasmosis?
how many states have recognized cases?
worldwide - tropical and subtropical
40/50
80
in what states is anaplasmosis endemic?
- SE, SW, west coast and great basin
81
what is the infectious unit for anaplasmosis?
the RBC
82
etiologies of anaplasmosis?
anaplasma marginale (AM)
anaplasma centrale
anaplasma ovis
83
which etiology of anaplasmosis is most common in US?
anaplasma marginale
84
which etiology of anaplasmosis affects sheep and goats?
anaplasma ovis
85
what does the name "anaplasma" and "marginale" denote regarding the disease?
anaplasma = lack of stained cytoplasm
marginale = peripheral location of the organism in the host RBC
86
how many hosts does the life cycle of anaplasma marginale (AM) require?
2 hosts
tick and vertebrate host
87
where does AM replicate?
tick mid gut and salivary glands
88
when do / how do ticks transmit organisms?
during blood meal on the vertebrate host (cattle)
89
what is transtadial transmission?
stage to stage transfer
90
what is intrastadial transmission?
within a stage
transmission that occurs when M tick becomes infected while feeding on cattle and when ticks transmit infection while feeding on susceptible cows
91
what is the range and average incubation period for AM?
7-60 days
| avg 28 days
92
after RBCs are infected, what types of cells phagocytize them?
reticuloendothelial cells
93
what kind of transmission of AM occurs via biting flies and blood contaminated fomites?
mechanical transmission
94
some common fomites that transmit blood btwn cattle, spreading AM:
- needle
- dehorning saw
- nose tongs
- tattooing instruments
- ear tagging devices
- castration equipment
95
what kind of AM disease occurs in cattle less than 1 yo?
non specific resistance
mild dz
become a carrier
96
what kind of AM disease occurs in cattle btwn 1-2 years?
acute disease,
mild to severe clinical dz,
rarely fatal
97
what kind of AM disease occurs in cattle over 3 yo?
acute dz, moderate to severe clin signs
| often fatal
98
t/f
| survivors of acute infection become carriers with high detectable infection levels
false
...become carriers with low detection levels
99
what test can detect low levels of anaplas on carrier cows?
PCR
100
carrier animals have sequential rickettsemic cycles of AM that occur how frequently?
at 5 week intervals
101
what are the stages of anaplasmosis?
| and what is the length of each stage?
- incubation: 2 wks-3mos
- developmental: 4-9 days
- convalescent: 2-3 mos
- carrier: lifetime
102
what % of RBCs are infected during the developmental stage?
at what % do the clinical signs appear?
1% parasitized
clin signs at 15% infected cells
103
how is AM removed by the body?
extravascular hemolysis via the monocyte macrophate system, picking off infected RBCs or portions of RBCs that have the organism on it
104
what are the signs of extravascular hemolysis?
bilirubinemia
| bilirubinuria
105
why are hemoblobinuria and hemoglobinemia NOT signs of extravascular hemolysis?
b/c the cells are NOT lysed in the vascular system -> there should be no Hb in the blood/urine -> heme is recycled in the body
106
initial clin signs of anaplasmosis?
why do many of these signs arise?
- fever (first 24 hrs)
- depression
- anorexia
- poor rumen motility
- bloat
- constipation
arise b/c cow is anemic
107
more advanced signs of anaplasmosis?
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- pale membranes
- icterus
- exercise intolerance
- mania / aggression [very common]
- frequent urination
- death: may be sudden, after a stressful event
108
clin signs of anaplasmosis related to production / pregnancy?
- dec milk prod
- dec repro efficiency
- dec weight gain
- abortion
109
if living on the Mexican border, what is another differential to consider when considering anaplasmosis?
babesia
110
how is anaplasmosis diagnosed?
- organism ID on blood smear
111
what signs will be on blood smear for anaplasmosis?
- organism
| - regenerative anemia
112
what level of pararsitism must be present for regenerative anemia to occur?
45-50%
113
what clin path signs are seen in regenerative anemia?
- reticulocytosis
- basophillic stippling
- polychromasia
- anisocytosis
114
what does basophillic stippling in cattle indicate?
regeneration
115
basophillic stippling in cattle suggests lead poisoning
FALSE
116
what diagnostic tests are available for anaplas?
- agglutniation test
- CF
- cELISA (competitive)
- PCR
117
what type of anaplas patient does CF test ID well?
- acutely infected cattle
| - poor for carrier cattle
118
what type of anaplas patient does CF test ID well?
- chronic, carrier animals
119
t/f
PCR is good at detecting low levels of anaplas in sub clincial or carrier animals
TRUE
120
treatment for anaplas:
acute:
chronic:
acute: oxytetracycline - short or long acting
do NOT stress cattle out
chronic: no good Tx
121
how can arthropod control be accomplished to help control anaplasm?
what are concerns with this approach?
- impregnated ear tags
- dust bags
- back rubs
- environmental pollution
- dev of resistant tick/fly pop
- infertility in bulls [pyrethrins - chronic administration]
- creation of susceptible pop of cattle
122
what chemoprophylaxis can be used to control anaplas?
concerns?
- oxytetracycline - q28 days through vector season
- chlortetracycline daily in feed through season
concerns: expensive, does not prevent carriers, animals must comply, risk of anaplas resistance
123
what is the most effective measure of control for anaplas?
vaccination
124
what benefits does anaplas vacc offer?
- dec morbidity and mortality
125
t/f
| anaplas vacc prevents infection
F
vacc does NOT prevent infection
126
what risk in neonates does the anaplas vacc pose?
risk of NI - neonatal isoerythrolysis
127
is 45 d chlortetracycline at 4.4 mg/kg an effective method to remove carrier state of anaplas?
NO
INEFFECTIVE
128
how to maintain anaplasma free herds?
- restrict movement - no cattle from infected areas
129
what is the origin or babesiosis in US cattle?
- 1860s - commingling of cattle from texas associated w death of those from other states
130
t/f
| babesiosis is eradicated in US
true
131
etiology of babesiosis?
- babesia bigemina
- babesia bovis
- babesia major
- babesia divergens
132
what is the pathogenesis of babesiosis?
- parasite enters RBC and replicates by binary fission
| - RBCs destroyed by intravascular hemolysis
133
clin signs of babesiosis?
- anemia
- icterus
- hemoglobinuria
- anorexia
- depression fever
- abortion
- neurologic signs
134
what does babesia organism look like?
pear shaped organism
135
what is the first course of action to take when you ID babesia on blood smear?
CALL THE STATE VET
THE DZ IS REPORTABLE
136
rank sheep, goats, cattle and swine in order of susceptibility - from lowest to highest - for copper toxicity
swine
cattle
goats
sheep
137
t/f
it is okay to pasture sheep where pigs have previously been pastured.
why or why not?
false
pigs excrete enough copper to intoxicate sheep who eat the grasses that grow there
138
pathogenesis of copper toxicity?
- high dietary copper, with Cu : Mo ration > 10:1
- liver stores excess copper
- hepatocyte necrosis leads to copper liberation
- high serum copper precipitates hemolytic crisis
139
what type of hemolysis occurs in copper toxicity?
intravascular hemolysis
140
what signs are associated with the hemolysis?
pale mucus membranes
icterus
weak, trembling
hemoglobinuria
141
signs of acute ingestion of copper?
- salivation
- abdominal pain
- diarrhea
142
best test to dx copper tox?
whole blood copper levels
143
what clin path changes occur with copper tox?
- severe anemia
- bilirubinemia
- inc whole blood copper
- inc liver/kiidney copper
- splenomegaly
144
t/f
| treatment for copper tox is often unrewarding
true
145
what is tx of choice for cupper tox?
copper antagonists
146
what are several examples of copper antagonists?
- ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
- NaEDTA
- ammonium molybdenate
- D pennicillamine
- Na sulfate
147
which cu chelator is best?
| why?
ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
most effective and cheaptest optoin
148
what is etiology of bacillary hemoglobinuria?
- clostridium haemolyticum
| - cl. novyi type D
149
when does bacillary hemoglobinuria occur?
what type of pasture?
summer-fall
irrigated or poorly drained pasture
150
what environmental conditions promote bacillary hemoglobinuria dz spread?
- flooding
- carrier animals
- forage
151
clostridial organisms are aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
152
what is pathogenesis of bacillary hemoglobinuria?
bacT in liver
anaerobic conditions
bacT proliferation
153
what toxins do clostridial organisms produce?
hemolysin -> hemolytic anemia
| necrotizing gent
154
clin signs of bacillary infection?
```
acute death
inappetence
fever
abdominal pain
hemoglobinuria
jaundice
anemic infarcts in liver
```
155
dx of bacillary dz?
blood culture
| hemoglobinuria
156
control of bacillary dz?
vacc
fluke control
deep burial / burning of carcass
157
what is nature of cold water intoxication?
- ingestion of large volumes in short time
- marked hypotonicity
- osmotic lysis of RBCs
158
clin findings of cold water tox?
- intravascular hemolysis
- episodic
- neuro if severe
- dilute urine specific gravity
159
dx of cold water tox?
hx
document hypoosmolality
r/o other dz
160
etiology of Eperythrozoonosis
eperythrozoon wenyoni
now called mycoplasma
161
nature of infection during eperythrozoonosis?
latent infection
162
clin findings of eperythrozoonosis?
mild depression
fever
modest anemia
swollen teats, scrotum, legs
163
dx of eperythrozoonosis?
blood smear
