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IP 11 Food Animal Medicine > Hemolymphatic Dz - Nagy > Flashcards

Hemolymphatic Dz - Nagy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the most common cancer of cattle?

A

lymphosarcoma (LSA)

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2
Q

what are the 4 manifestations of LSA in cattle?

A
  • juveline multicentric
  • thymic
  • cutaneous
  • enzzotic bovine leukosis
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3
Q

of the 4 manifestations of LSA, which is caused by a virus?

A

enzootic bovine leukosis

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4
Q

Juvenile multicentric LSA is:

BLV associated or non BLV associated?

A

NON BLV accociated

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5
Q

what is the typical age of juvenile multicentric LSA?

A
  • birth to 6 months
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6
Q

is the nature of onset of juvenile multicentric LSA chronic or acute?

A

acute - sudden onset

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7
Q

what are clinical signs of juvenile multicentric LSA?

A
  • variable: depending on the location of the tumor
liver = jaundice
GIT = diarrhea, wasting
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8
Q

how common is a diagnosis of juvenile multicentric LSA?

A

uncommon - b/c often no necropsy is carried out

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9
Q

T/F

there are many anti cancer drug options in food animal medicine.

A

false

dexamethosone is one of few - and patient cannot handle prolonged exposure to high doses of steroids

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10
Q

is thymic LSA BLV associated or non BLV associated?

A

Non BLV associated

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11
Q

what is the typical age of presentation of thymic LSA?

A

6-24 months

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12
Q

does thymic LSA affect the cervical or intrathoracic thymus?

A

either one

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13
Q

what are common signs associated with cervical thymic LSA?

A
  • swelling neck

- bloat, if capacity of eructation or swallowing occurs

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14
Q

what are common signs associated with intra thoracic thymic LSA?

A
  • bloat and other lesions suggestive of a mass in the chest

- tachycardia, tachypnea -> bc space occupying lesion in chest impedes heart pump or breathing ability

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15
Q

what is diagnostic for thymic LSA?

A
  • biopsy
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16
Q

what cell line is affected in T cell lymphoma?

A

T cell lymphoma

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17
Q

what is the prognosis of thymic LSA?

A

poor — it is fatal

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18
Q

is cutaneous LSA BLV associated or not?

A

NOT BLV associated

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19
Q

what age is common for cutaneous LSA?

A

1-3 years

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20
Q

clin signs of cutaneous LSA?

A

many bumps all over (LSA masses)

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21
Q

diagnosis of cutaneous LSA?

A

biopsy

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22
Q

can cattle recover from cutaneous LSA?

A

yes - it is the only form of LSA where the animal may get better

spontaneous remission without recurrence

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23
Q

is enzootic bovine leukosis BLV associated?

A

YES

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24
Q

what age cattle does enzootic bovine leukosis occur?

A

4-8 years

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25
Q

what virus is enzootic bovine leukosis associated with?

A

BLV = bovine leukemia virus

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26
Q

how common is infection with BLV in the US dairy herd?

A

very common

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27
Q

how common is LSA in US diary herd?

A

uncommon - much less common than BLV infection

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28
Q

about what % of infected US diary cows do not show any clinical signs

A

65%

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29
Q

about what % of infected US dairy cows experience persistent lymphocytosis from BLV infection?

A

30%

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30
Q

how is BLV transmitted?

A

hematologically primarily - an infected lymphocyte from infected cow to non infected cow

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31
Q

besides BLV, what is another differential for persistent lymphocytosis?

A

bone marrow problem

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32
Q

why is the 30% of cows with high lymphocyte count a concern on farms?

A

their lymphocytes are virally infected so the cows act as “typhoid mary cows” and spread the virus with less blood b/c a higher proportion of their cells are infected

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33
Q

what % of cows develop a tumor as a result of BLV?

A

5%

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34
Q

what is the MC sign associated w LSA?

A

lymphadenopathy

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35
Q

LSA clin sign: peripheral / central lymphadenopathy

where does it occur? and what signs occur as a result?

A
  • enlarged nodes
  • bloat [if intrathoracic esophagus is impinged]
  • choke
  • intestinal obstruction
  • lymphatic obstruction
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36
Q

retrobulbar signs of LSA?

A
  • exopthalmos
  • exposure keratitis
  • proptosis of globe

“bug eyed” look due to high intraocular pressure

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37
Q

right heart signs of LSA?

can it occur on both sides of the heart?

A

yes, can occur on both sides of the heart

  • muffled heart sounds
  • pericardial effusion
  • murmur
  • arrhythmia
  • heart failure
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38
Q

what are some effects of lymphosarcoma in the non gravid uterus?

how can LSA present in the uterus? [focal, diffuse, etc]

A
  • early embryonic death (b/c of poor attachment)
  • abortion (b/c of poor attachment)
  • infertility
  • dystocia (due to mass obstructing parturition)
  • mass in uterus

can present as a mass or infiltrates tissue diffusely

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39
Q

how does LSA in the GIT present?

what part of the GIT?

A

melena
pain
outflow obsruction

Abomasum

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40
Q

what signs does extradural LSA cause?

what part of the spinal cord is it located in?

A

paresis
ataxia
paralysis

loc: inside the spinal column (bone) but outside of the dura

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41
Q

what internal organs does LSA often affect?

A

spleen
liver
kidney / ureters
bone marrow

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42
Q

what type of virus is BLV?

what does this mean in terms of the nature of the infection?

A

retrovirus

once infected, the animal will have it for life

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43
Q

T/F: the cell free phase of the BLV is present in the body of the animal.

A

FALSE - the cell free phase is NOT found in the body

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44
Q

in what cells is the BLV found?

A

lymphocytes

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45
Q

dehorning procedures typically do NOT risk BLV spread.

A

F: dehorning procedures do present an opportunity to transmit blood

disinfect instruments to dec transmission

also: cut then burn for better hemostasis on smaller buds

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46
Q

how can veterinarians reduce the risk of spread of BLV during surgical procedures, blood sampling and rectal examination?

A

use new materials for each cow - do NOT reuse needles or instruments or palpation sleeves

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47
Q

T/F

tattoo ink is viricidal so tattooing cattle does not pose a risk to BLV transmission

A

false

ink is NOT viricidal so tattooing can, in theory, transmit BLV

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48
Q

T/F

if a rectal sleeve does not have any blood on it after palpation, it is safe to use on another cow.

A

false

even in the absence of visible blood, multiple uses of a sleeve will spread the virus

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49
Q

what do studies regarding BLV transmission via colostrum state?

why is this the result?

A

variable transmission via colostrum

colostrum is a prime source for BLV but it is also packed with antibody (Aby)

colostrum is more infectious if given sub q - when administered orally, how it should be given, it is less infectious

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50
Q

how long does BLV live outside the body?

what does this mean for the transmission of BLV via flies?

A

45 mins

flies are very infectious and can transmit the BLV from animal to animal

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51
Q

what reproduction methods transmit the virus? what methods are safe?

A

natural service does transmit virus

AI and ET (embryo transfer) do NOT move the virus

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52
Q

t/f

BLV is more prevalent in pasture vs confined animals

A

false

it is more prevalent in confined animals

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53
Q

BLV cannot be transmitted in utero

A

false

BLV is transmitted in utero

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54
Q

what Aby (antibody) tests are available for BLV testing?

A

AGID
ELISA
Western immunoblot

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55
Q

which Aby test is used MC to test for BLV?

A

ELISA

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56
Q

what do the results of the ELISA BLV test indicate?

A

Tells you if you have an aby response

if animal is infected, they will have an aby response w/in 2 weeks and will stay positive for the rest of their lives

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57
Q

what happens to levels of aby in the dam around the time of calving?

as a result, are levels detectable by aby tests?

A

they fall - aby move from dam and into colostrum

ELISA can detect these lower levels but AGID test cannot

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58
Q

what BLV antigen tests exist?

A

PCR
Virus isolation
SIA

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59
Q

which antigen test is MC used to detect BLV?

A

PCR

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60
Q

what does a positive PCR and positive aby test for BLV from a calf indicate?

A

the calf is positive

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61
Q

what does a pos aby test and a negative PCR test for BLV Indicate?

A

the calf is negative

assume the pos aby test is due to the colostrum in the young calf

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62
Q

what are the 3 testing modalities available for BLV testing?

A
  • aby (antibody)
  • ag (antigen)
  • Hematologic assay
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63
Q

what are some reasons to test for BLV?

A
  • animal movement requirements
  • assist in Dx of LSA
  • herd status info
  • voluntary control / eradication program
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64
Q

t/f

the US has worked extensively to eradicate BLV from the US dairy herd

A

false

US has NOT - voluntary eradication programs exist

many other countries in the world have worked to eradicate themselves of BLV

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65
Q

how is diagnosis of BLV made?

A
  • viral infection
    serology [most useful test]
    PCR
    hematologic assays
  • cancer
    hisology
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66
Q

in general, how prevalent is BLV in the US dairy herd?

A

very prevalent

1996: 88% of US dairy herds infected
2007: 84% of US dairy herds infected

67
Q

how prevalent is BLV in the US beef herd?

A

much less than the dairy herd

about 30% of beef herds and 10% of beef cattle

smaller herds more infected b/c larger herds are on large ranges typically - more land to roam than a smaller hobby herd

68
Q

what is the highest cause of slaughter condemnations for cattle in the US?

A

LSA

69
Q

why is BLV a concern in the US?

A

export
public perception
test free herds
health and welfare of cattle

70
Q

t/f

persistent lymphocytosis cows have an increased risk in developing cancer due to LSA

A

false

71
Q

to limit blood transfer and prevent BLV transmission in calves, what measures can be taken?

A
  • cautery dehorning methods
  • clean and disinfect instruments
  • single use bleeding needles
  • fly control
  • separate calves from adults
72
Q

which of the following contain virus:

frozen colostrum
pasteurized colostrum
milk replacer

A

milk replacer: NO
pasteruized: NO

frozen colostrum: YES

73
Q

prevention methods fora adult cattle?

A

limit blood transfer
segregation of positive and negative animals
purchased additions NEGATIVE tested

74
Q

will a seestock producer or a commercial producer more likely recuperate money to justify testing / eradication of BLV?

A

seedstock producer

75
Q

when considering if a herd should make efforts to eradicate / reduce BLV, what should you think about?

A
  • client goals
  • nature of operation - seedstock vs commercial
  • prevalence: 10% vs 90%
  • farm practices - are they willing to change?
76
Q

what type of parasite is anaplasmosis?

A

hemoparasite

77
Q

how is anaplasmosis transmitted?

A
  • Dermacentor ticks

- horseflies in SE US

78
Q

what are the reservoirs for anaplasmosis?

A

cattle - sub clin infections
sheep / goats
wild ruminants

79
Q

what is the distribution of anaplasmosis?

how many states have recognized cases?

A

worldwide - tropical and subtropical

40/50

80
Q

in what states is anaplasmosis endemic?

A
  • SE, SW, west coast and great basin
81
Q

what is the infectious unit for anaplasmosis?

A

the RBC

82
Q

etiologies of anaplasmosis?

A

anaplasma marginale (AM)
anaplasma centrale
anaplasma ovis

83
Q

which etiology of anaplasmosis is most common in US?

A

anaplasma marginale

84
Q

which etiology of anaplasmosis affects sheep and goats?

A

anaplasma ovis

85
Q

what does the name “anaplasma” and “marginale” denote regarding the disease?

A

anaplasma = lack of stained cytoplasm

marginale = peripheral location of the organism in the host RBC

86
Q

how many hosts does the life cycle of anaplasma marginale (AM) require?

A

2 hosts

tick and vertebrate host

87
Q

where does AM replicate?

A

tick mid gut and salivary glands

88
Q

when do / how do ticks transmit organisms?

A

during blood meal on the vertebrate host (cattle)

89
Q

what is transtadial transmission?

A

stage to stage transfer

90
Q

what is intrastadial transmission?

A

within a stage

transmission that occurs when M tick becomes infected while feeding on cattle and when ticks transmit infection while feeding on susceptible cows

91
Q

what is the range and average incubation period for AM?

A

7-60 days

avg 28 days

92
Q

after RBCs are infected, what types of cells phagocytize them?

A

reticuloendothelial cells

93
Q

what kind of transmission of AM occurs via biting flies and blood contaminated fomites?

A

mechanical transmission

94
Q

some common fomites that transmit blood btwn cattle, spreading AM:

A
  • needle
  • dehorning saw
  • nose tongs
  • tattooing instruments
  • ear tagging devices
  • castration equipment
95
Q

what kind of AM disease occurs in cattle less than 1 yo?

A

non specific resistance
mild dz

become a carrier

96
Q

what kind of AM disease occurs in cattle btwn 1-2 years?

A

acute disease,
mild to severe clinical dz,
rarely fatal

97
Q

what kind of AM disease occurs in cattle over 3 yo?

A

acute dz, moderate to severe clin signs

often fatal

98
Q

t/f

survivors of acute infection become carriers with high detectable infection levels

A

false

…become carriers with low detection levels

99
Q

what test can detect low levels of anaplas on carrier cows?

A

PCR

100
Q

carrier animals have sequential rickettsemic cycles of AM that occur how frequently?

A

at 5 week intervals

101
Q

what are the stages of anaplasmosis?

and what is the length of each stage?

A
  • incubation: 2 wks-3mos
  • developmental: 4-9 days
  • convalescent: 2-3 mos
  • carrier: lifetime
102
Q

what % of RBCs are infected during the developmental stage?

at what % do the clinical signs appear?

A

1% parasitized

clin signs at 15% infected cells

103
Q

how is AM removed by the body?

A

extravascular hemolysis via the monocyte macrophate system, picking off infected RBCs or portions of RBCs that have the organism on it

104
Q

what are the signs of extravascular hemolysis?

A

bilirubinemia

bilirubinuria

105
Q

why are hemoblobinuria and hemoglobinemia NOT signs of extravascular hemolysis?

A

b/c the cells are NOT lysed in the vascular system -> there should be no Hb in the blood/urine -> heme is recycled in the body

106
Q

initial clin signs of anaplasmosis?

why do many of these signs arise?

A
  • fever (first 24 hrs)
  • depression
  • anorexia
  • poor rumen motility
  • bloat
  • constipation

arise b/c cow is anemic

107
Q

more advanced signs of anaplasmosis?

A
  • tachypnea
  • tachycardia
  • pale membranes
  • icterus
  • exercise intolerance
  • mania / aggression [very common]
  • frequent urination
  • death: may be sudden, after a stressful event
108
Q

clin signs of anaplasmosis related to production / pregnancy?

A
  • dec milk prod
  • dec repro efficiency
  • dec weight gain
  • abortion
109
Q

if living on the Mexican border, what is another differential to consider when considering anaplasmosis?

A

babesia

110
Q

how is anaplasmosis diagnosed?

A
  • organism ID on blood smear
111
Q

what signs will be on blood smear for anaplasmosis?

A
  • organism

- regenerative anemia

112
Q

what level of pararsitism must be present for regenerative anemia to occur?

A

45-50%

113
Q

what clin path signs are seen in regenerative anemia?

A
  • reticulocytosis
  • basophillic stippling
  • polychromasia
  • anisocytosis
114
Q

what does basophillic stippling in cattle indicate?

A

regeneration

115
Q

basophillic stippling in cattle suggests lead poisoning

A

FALSE

116
Q

what diagnostic tests are available for anaplas?

A
  • agglutniation test
  • CF
  • cELISA (competitive)
  • PCR
117
Q

what type of anaplas patient does CF test ID well?

A
  • acutely infected cattle

- poor for carrier cattle

118
Q

what type of anaplas patient does CF test ID well?

A
  • chronic, carrier animals
119
Q

t/f

PCR is good at detecting low levels of anaplas in sub clincial or carrier animals

A

TRUE

120
Q

treatment for anaplas:

acute:
chronic:

A

acute: oxytetracycline - short or long acting

do NOT stress cattle out

chronic: no good Tx

121
Q

how can arthropod control be accomplished to help control anaplasm?

what are concerns with this approach?

A
  • impregnated ear tags
  • dust bags
  • back rubs
  • environmental pollution
  • dev of resistant tick/fly pop
  • infertility in bulls [pyrethrins - chronic administration]
  • creation of susceptible pop of cattle
122
Q

what chemoprophylaxis can be used to control anaplas?

concerns?

A
  • oxytetracycline - q28 days through vector season
  • chlortetracycline daily in feed through season
    concerns: expensive, does not prevent carriers, animals must comply, risk of anaplas resistance
123
Q

what is the most effective measure of control for anaplas?

A

vaccination

124
Q

what benefits does anaplas vacc offer?

A
  • dec morbidity and mortality
125
Q

t/f

anaplas vacc prevents infection

A

F

vacc does NOT prevent infection

126
Q

what risk in neonates does the anaplas vacc pose?

A

risk of NI - neonatal isoerythrolysis

127
Q

is 45 d chlortetracycline at 4.4 mg/kg an effective method to remove carrier state of anaplas?

A

NO

INEFFECTIVE

128
Q

how to maintain anaplasma free herds?

A
  • restrict movement - no cattle from infected areas
129
Q

what is the origin or babesiosis in US cattle?

A
  • 1860s - commingling of cattle from texas associated w death of those from other states
130
Q

t/f

babesiosis is eradicated in US

A

true

131
Q

etiology of babesiosis?

A
  • babesia bigemina
  • babesia bovis
  • babesia major
  • babesia divergens
132
Q

what is the pathogenesis of babesiosis?

A
  • parasite enters RBC and replicates by binary fission

- RBCs destroyed by intravascular hemolysis

133
Q

clin signs of babesiosis?

A
  • anemia
  • icterus
  • hemoglobinuria
  • anorexia
  • depression fever
  • abortion
  • neurologic signs
134
Q

what does babesia organism look like?

A

pear shaped organism

135
Q

what is the first course of action to take when you ID babesia on blood smear?

A

CALL THE STATE VET

THE DZ IS REPORTABLE

136
Q

rank sheep, goats, cattle and swine in order of susceptibility - from lowest to highest - for copper toxicity

A

swine
cattle
goats
sheep

137
Q

t/f
it is okay to pasture sheep where pigs have previously been pastured.

why or why not?

A

false

pigs excrete enough copper to intoxicate sheep who eat the grasses that grow there

138
Q

pathogenesis of copper toxicity?

A
  • high dietary copper, with Cu : Mo ration > 10:1
  • liver stores excess copper
  • hepatocyte necrosis leads to copper liberation
  • high serum copper precipitates hemolytic crisis
139
Q

what type of hemolysis occurs in copper toxicity?

A

intravascular hemolysis

140
Q

what signs are associated with the hemolysis?

A

pale mucus membranes
icterus
weak, trembling
hemoglobinuria

141
Q

signs of acute ingestion of copper?

A
  • salivation
  • abdominal pain
  • diarrhea
142
Q

best test to dx copper tox?

A

whole blood copper levels

143
Q

what clin path changes occur with copper tox?

A
  • severe anemia
  • bilirubinemia
  • inc whole blood copper
  • inc liver/kiidney copper
  • splenomegaly
144
Q

t/f

treatment for copper tox is often unrewarding

A

true

145
Q

what is tx of choice for cupper tox?

A

copper antagonists

146
Q

what are several examples of copper antagonists?

A
  • ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
  • NaEDTA
  • ammonium molybdenate
  • D pennicillamine
  • Na sulfate
147
Q

which cu chelator is best?

why?

A

ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

most effective and cheaptest optoin

148
Q

what is etiology of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A
  • clostridium haemolyticum

- cl. novyi type D

149
Q

when does bacillary hemoglobinuria occur?

what type of pasture?

A

summer-fall

irrigated or poorly drained pasture

150
Q

what environmental conditions promote bacillary hemoglobinuria dz spread?

A
  • flooding
  • carrier animals
  • forage
151
Q

clostridial organisms are aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

152
Q

what is pathogenesis of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

bacT in liver
anaerobic conditions
bacT proliferation

153
Q

what toxins do clostridial organisms produce?

A

hemolysin -> hemolytic anemia

necrotizing gent

154
Q

clin signs of bacillary infection?

A 
acute death
inappetence
fever
abdominal pain
hemoglobinuria
jaundice
anemic infarcts in liver
155
Q

dx of bacillary dz?

A

blood culture

hemoglobinuria

156
Q

control of bacillary dz?

A

vacc
fluke control
deep burial / burning of carcass

157
Q

what is nature of cold water intoxication?

A
  • ingestion of large volumes in short time
  • marked hypotonicity
  • osmotic lysis of RBCs
158
Q

clin findings of cold water tox?

A
  • intravascular hemolysis
  • episodic
  • neuro if severe
  • dilute urine specific gravity
159
Q

dx of cold water tox?

A

hx
document hypoosmolality
r/o other dz

160
Q

etiology of Eperythrozoonosis

A

eperythrozoon wenyoni

now called mycoplasma

161
Q

nature of infection during eperythrozoonosis?

A

latent infection

162
Q

clin findings of eperythrozoonosis?

A

mild depression
fever
modest anemia

swollen teats, scrotum, legs

163
Q

dx of eperythrozoonosis?

A

blood smear

IP 11 Food Animal Medicine (5 decks)

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