Surgery Flashcards
Ascending cholangitis cause?
Bacterial infection, typically E.coli, of the biliary tree
*a life-threatening infection of the biliary tree caused by bacterial invasion, usually secondary to obstruction. The obstruction allows bile to become stagnant, creating an environment for bacterial proliferation and infection.
Most common predisposing factor to ascending cholangitis?
Gallstones
Charcot’s triad for ascending cholangitis?
- Fever
- RUQ pain
- Jaundice
- (+ hypotension and confusion = Reynolds’ pentad)
Ascending cholangitis Ix?
US to look for bile duct dilatation and bile stones
Ascending cholangitis Rx?
- IV Abx
- ERCP after 24-48 hours to relieve any obstruction
Head injury, lucid interval?
Extradural (epidural) haematoma
Primary brain injury types?
- Focal = contusion/haematoma
- Diffuse = diffuse axonal injury
Contusion types?
Coup vs. contre-coup
Intracranial haematoma types?
- Extradural
- Subdural
- Intracerabral
Secondary brain injury?
When cerebral oedema, ischaemia, infection, tonsillar or tentorial herniation exacerbates the original injury. The normal cerebral auto regulatory processes are disrupted following trauma rendering the brain more susceptible to blood flow changes and hypoxia
Cushing’s reflex?
Hypertension and bradycardia in response to raised ICP, occurs late, usually a pre-terminal event
RFs for subdural haematoma?
- Age
- Alcoholism
- Anticoagulation
Head injury, fluctuating confusion?
Subdural haematoma
Medical benefits of circumcision?
- Reduces risk of penile cancer
- Reduces risk of UTI
- Reduces risk of STIs incl. HIV
Medical indications for circumcision?
- Phimosis
- Recurrent balanitis
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans
- Paraphimosis
First linke Ix for prostate cancer?
Multiparametric MRI
Complications of TRUS biopsy?
- Sepsis
- Pain
- Fever
- Haematuria and rectal bleeding
Multiparametric MRI for prostate cancer interpretation?
Reported using 5 point Likert scale
1. If >=3 then prostate biopsy is offered
2. If 1-2 then d/w pt pros and cons of having a biopsy
Most common malignancy in men 20-30 years?
Testicular cancer
95% of testicular cancers are?
Germ cell tumours
Germ cell types?
- Seminomas
- Non-seminomas
Non-seminoma types?
- Embryonal
- Yolk sack
- Teratoma
- Choriocarcinoma
Non-germ cell tumour types?
- Leydig cell tumours
- Sarcomas
Peak incidence of teratomas?
25 y/o