Gynaecology Flashcards
Amenorrhoea classification?
- Primary = by 15 y/o with normal secondary sexual characteristics, or by 13 y/o with no secondary sexual characteristics
- Secondary = cessation for 3-6m in women with previously normal menses, or 6-12 months with previous oligomenorrhoea
Primary amenorrhoea causes?
- Gonadal dysgenesis = Turner’s
- Testicular feminisation
- Congenital malformation of the genital tract
- Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea e.g. occurs due to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, often in the absence of structural abnormalities.
- CAH
- Imperforate hymen
Most common cause of primary amenorrhoea?
Gonadal dysgenesis = Turner’s
Secondary amenorrhoea causes?
- Hypothalamic = stress, exercise
- PCOS
- POF
- Hyperprolactinaemia
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Sheehan’s
- Asherman’s syndrome
Asherman’s syndrome?
Intrauterine adhesions
Amenorrhoea Ix?
- Exclude pregnancy with urinary or serum bHCG
- FBC, U&E, TFT, Coeliac
- Gonadotrophins = low levels indicate hypothalamic cause, raised levels suggest ovarian problem/gonadal dysgenesis e.g. POF or Turner’s
- Prolactin
- Androgens = raised levels may be seen in PCOS
- Oestradiol
Primary amenorrhoea Rx?
- Underlying cause
- POF due to gonadal dysgenesis are likely to benefit from HRT to prevent osteoporosis etc.
Secondary amenorrhoea Rx?
- Exclude pregnancy, lactation and menopause (in > 40 y/o)
- Underlying cause
Urinary incontinence affects what % of the population?
4-5%
Urinary incontinence RFs?
- Age
- Pregnancy and childbirth
- High BMI
- Hysterectomy
- FHx
Urinary incontinence classification?
- Overactive bladder (OAB)/Urge
- Stress
- Mixed
- Overflow
- Functional
Stress incontinence?
Leaking small amounts when coughing or laughing
Mixed incontinence?
Both urge and stress
Functional incontinence?
- Comorbid conditions impair pt’s ability to get to bathroom in time
- Dementia, sedating medication, injury/illness resulting in decreased ambulation
Urinary incontinence Ix?
- Bladder diaries for minimum 3 days
- Vaginal examination to exclude pelvic organ prolapse and ability to initiate voluntary contraction of pelvic floor muscles (‘Kegel’ exercises)
- Urine dipstick and culture
- Urodynamic studies
Urge incontinence predominant Rx?
- Bladder retraining 6w minimum
- Bladder stabilising drugs = antimuscarinics e.g. oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin
- Mirabegron (B3 agonist) if concern about anticholinergic s/e in frail elderly pts
When should immediate release oxybutynin be avoided?
Frail older women
Stress incontinence predominant Rx?
- PFMT (8 contractions 3 x day for 3m)
- Surgery = Retropubic mid-urethral tape procedures
- Duloxetine if decline surgical procedures (combines NSRI)
Simple ovarian cyst?
Unilocular, more likely to be physiological or benign
Complex ovarian cyst?
Multilocular, more likely to be malignant
Premenopausal women cyst management?
A conservative approach may be taken for younger women (especially if < 35 years) as malignancy is less common. If the cyst is small (e.g. < 5 cm) and reported as ‘simple’ then it is highly likely to be benign. A repeat ultrasound should be arranged for 8-12 weeks and referral considered if it persists.
Postmenopausal ovarian cyst management?
By definition physiological cysts are unlikely –> any postmenopausal woman with an ovarian cyst regardless of nature or size should be referred to gynaecology for assessment
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome?
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication seen in some forms of infertility treatment. It is postulated that the presence of multiple luteinized cysts within the ovaries results in high levels of not only oestrogens and progesterone but also vasoactive substances such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This results in increased membrane permeability and loss of fluid from the intravascular compartment
When is OHSS more likely to be seen?
With gonadotrophin or hCG treatment. Rarely seen with clomifene therapy?