Gastroenterology Flashcards
Primary biliary cirrhosis associations?
- Sjogrens (80%)
- RhA, SLE
- SS particularly the limited cutaneous subtype (CREST syndrome)
- Thyroid disease (hashimoto’s thyroiditis and graves’ d6)
- 9F:1M
6.? Coeliac d6
PBC Dx?
- Immunology = Raised IgM, Anti-Mitochondrial Abs (AMA) M2 subtype (present in about 98% of px, highly specific), ASMA (30%)
- Imaging = required before diagnosis to exclude an extrahepatic biliary obstruction (typically a right upper quadrant ultrasound or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
PBC Rx?
- Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA)
- Cholestyramine for pruritis
- Fat soluble vitamin supplementation
- Liver transplantation e.g. if bilirubin > 100 (recurrence in graft can occur but usually not a problem)
PBC complications?
- Cirrhosis
- Osteomalacia and osteoporosis
- HCC (x20)
GORD correlation between symptoms and endoscopy appearance?
Poor correlation
Indications for UGI endoscopy?
- Age >55 y/o
- Symptoms > 4 weeks or persistent symptoms despite treatment
- Dysphagia
- Relapsing symptoms
- Weight loss
If GORD and endoscopy negative Ix?
24hr oesophageal pH monitoring (gold standard for Dx)
PPI stopped when before endoscopy?
2 weeks
Alcoholic liver disease spectrum?
- Alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
Alcoholic liver disease LFTs?
- Raised GGT
- AST:ALT > 2, >3 = strongly suggestive of acute alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis management?
- Prednisolone during acute episode = Maddrey’s discriminant function (DF) is often used during acute episodes to determine who would benefit from glucocorticoid therapy, calculated using PT and bilirubin
- Pentoxyphylline sometimes used
UC management classification?
- Inducing remission
- Maintaining remission
UC severity?
- Mild = < 4 stools/day, small blood
- Moderate = 4-6 stools/day, varying blood, no systemic upset
- Severe = >6 bloody stools, systemic upset
Inducing remission in mild to moderate colitis classification?
- Proctitis
- Proctosigmoiditis and left sided
- Extensive disease
Inducing remission in mild to moderate UC proctitis?
- Topical aminosalicylate
- No improvement after 4 weeks –> add oral aminosalicylate
- No improvement –> topical or oral steroid
Inducing remission in mild to moderate UC proctosigmoiditis/left sided UC?
- Topical aminosalicylate
- No improvement after 4 weeks –> add high dose oral aminosalicylate OR switch to a high-dose oral aminosalicylate and a topical corticosteroid
- No improvement –> Stop topicals, oral aminosalicylate + oral corticosteroid
Inducing remission in mild to moderate UC extensive disease?
- Topical AND high dose oral aminosalicylate
- No improvement after 4 weeks –> Stop topicals, oral aminosalicylate + oral corticosteroid
Inducing remission in severe colitis?
- Admit to hospital
- IV steroids (IV ciclosporin if steroids C/I)
- No improvement after 72h –> consider adding IV ciclosporin/surgery
Maintaining remission following a mild to moderate UC proctitis/proctosigmoiditis flare?
- Topical aminosalicylate alone (daily or intermittent)
- Oral aminosalicylate plus a topical aminosalicylate (daily or intermittent) or
- Oral aminosalicylate by itself: this may not be effective as the other two options
Maintaining remission following a mild to moderate UC left sided and extensive UC flare?
Low maintenance dose of an oral aminosalicylate
Maintaining remission following a severe relapse or >/2 UC exacerbations in the past year?
Oral Azathioprine or Oral Mercaptopurine
Is methotrexate used in Rx of UC?
No
C. diff gram and shape?
Gram positive rod
C.diff RFs?
Abx and PPI