Neurology Flashcards
Huntington’s prognosis?
Progressive and incurable, results in death 20 years after the initial symptoms develop
Huntington’s genetics?
- AD
- Trinucleotide repeat of CAG
- Degeneration of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the striatum of the basal ganglia
- Defect in huntington gene (HTT) on Chromosome 4
Huntington’s features?
Typically after 35 y/o
1. Chorea
2. Personality changes
3. Dystonia
4. Saccadic eye movements
Guillain Barre typical organism?
Campylobacter jejuni
GBS key features?
Progressive, symmetrical, ascending weakness of the limbs. Sensory symptoms tend to be mild. Reflexes reduced or absent.
GBS other features?
- Hx of gastroenteritis
- Respiratory muscle weakness
- CN = diplopia, bilateral facial nerve palsy, oropharyngeal weakness common
- Autonomic = urinary retention, diarrhoea
- Papilloedema = reduced CSF resorption
GBS Ix?
- LP = raised protein with normal WCC in 66% (albuminocytologic dissociation)
- Nerve conduction studies = decreased motor nerve conduction velocity, prolonged distal motor latency, increased F wave latency
Stroke/TIA in carotid territory and pt not severely disabled?
Consider carotid endarterectomy
AF and stroke, when should anticoagulants be started?
14 days
Post-stroke when should statin be started?
If cholesterol > 3.5 and wait at least 48 hours due to risk of haemorrhagic transformation
Thrombolysis for acute stroke indications?
- Within 4.5 hours of onset of symptoms
- Haemorrhage excluded by imaging
When is thrombectomy offered for acute stroke?
- Within 6h symptoms onset and acute ischaemic stroke with confirmed occlusion of proximal anterior circulation (together with IV thrombolysis within 4.5h)
- 6-24 hours and confirmed occlusion of proximal anterior circulation, if there is potential to salvage brain tissue
- Consider < 24 hours both thrombectomy and thrombolysis for confirmed occlusion of the proximal posterior circulation (that is, basilar or posterior cerebral artery) and potential to salvage brain tissue
What functional status needs to be present for pts receiving thrombectomy?
Pre-stroke functional status of less than 3 on the modified Rankin scale and a score of more than 5 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
Stroke secondary prevention?
- Clopidogrel
- Aspirin + MR dipyramidole if clopidogrel C/I
- MR dipyradimole if both aspirin and clopidogrel C/I
Carotid endarterectomy indication post-stroke?
- If suffered stroke or TIA in the carotid territory and are not severely disabled
- Should only be considered if carotid stenosis > 70% according ECST criteria or > 50% according to NASCET criteria
TIA definition?
A transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischaemia, without acute infarction.
TIA features?
Typically resolve within 1 hour
1. Unilateral weakness or sensory loss
2. Aphasia or dysarthria
3. Ataxia, vertigo, or loss of balance
4. Visual problems = amaurosis fugax, diplopia, homonymous hemianopia
TIA Rx?
Aspirin 300mg unless:
1. Patient has a bleeding disorder or is taking an anticoagulant (needs immediate admission for imaging to exclude a haemorrhage)
2. Already taking 75mg: continue current dose until r/v by specialist
3. Aspirin is C/I (d/w specialist team)
TIA specialist review?
- If >1 TIA/suspected cardioembolic source/severe carotid stenosis –> discuss need for admission/urgent observation with a stroke specialist
- Suspected TIA within last 7 days = assessment within 24h by stroke physician
- Suspected TIA >7 days = specialist assessment within 7d
TIA and driving?
Don’t drive until seen by specialist
TIA Neuroimaging?
- Don’t do CT unless clinical suspicion of an alternative diagnosis
- MRI should be done on same day as specialist assessment
TIA carotid imaging?
All pts should have urgent carotid doppler unless they are not a candidate for carotid endarterectomy
TIA Ix?
- Neuroimaging = MRI
- Carotid doppler
TIA Further Rx?
Clopidogrel